Angola vs. Republic of the Congo
Introduction
Angola | Republic of the Congo | |
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Background | From the late 14th to the mid 19th century a Kingdom of Kongo stretched across central Africa from present-day northern Angola into the current Congo republics. It traded heavily with the Portuguese who, beginning in the 16th century, established coastal colonies and trading posts and introduced Christianity. By the 19th century, Portuguese settlement had spread to the interior; in 1914, Portugal abolished the last vestiges of the Kongo Kingdom and Angola became a Portuguese colony. Angola scores low on human development indexes despite using its large oil reserves to rebuild since the end of a 27-year civil war in 2002. Fighting between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed independence from Portugal in 1975. Peace seemed imminent in 1992 when Angola held national elections, but fighting picked up again in 1993. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost - and 4 million people displaced - during the more than a quarter century of fighting. SAVIMBI's death in 2002 ended UNITA's insurgency and cemented the MPLA's hold on power. DOS SANTOS stepped down from the presidency in 2017, having led the country since 1979. He pushed through a new constitution in 2010. Joao LOURENCO was elected president in August 2017 and became president of the MPLA in September 2018. | Upon independence in 1960, the former French region of Middle Congo became the Republic of the Congo. A quarter century of experimentation with Marxism was abandoned in 1990 and a democratically elected government took office in 1992. A two-year civil war that ended in 1999 restored former Marxist President Denis SASSOU-Nguesso, who had ruled from 1979 to 1992, and sparked a short period of ethnic and political unrest that was resolved by a peace agreement in late 1999. A new constitution adopted three years later provided for a multi-party system and a seven-year presidential term, and elections arranged shortly thereafter installed SASSOU-Nguesso. Following a year of renewed fighting, President SASSOU-Nguesso and southern-based rebel groups agreed to a final peace accord in March 2003. SASSOU-Nguesso was reeelected in 2009 and, after passing a referendum allowing him to run for a third term, was reelected again in 2016. The Republic of Congo is one of Africa's largest petroleum producers, but with declining production it will need new offshore oil finds to sustain its oil earnings over the long term. |
Geography
Angola | Republic of the Congo | |
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Location | Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo | Central Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Angola and Gabon |
Geographic coordinates | 12 30 S, 18 30 E | 1 00 S, 15 00 E |
Map references | Africa | Africa |
Area | total: 1,246,700 sq km land: 1,246,700 sq km water: 0 sq km | total: 342,000 sq km land: 341,500 sq km water: 500 sq km |
Area - comparative | about eight times the size of Georgia; slightly less than twice the size of Texas | slightly smaller than Montana; about twice the size of Florida |
Land boundaries | total: 5,369 km border countries (4): Democratic Republic of the Congo 2646 km (of which 225 km is the boundary of discontiguous Cabinda Province), Republic of the Congo 231 km, Namibia 1427 km, Zambia 1065 km | total: 5,554 km border countries (5): Angola 231 km, Cameroon 494 km, Central African Republic 487 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1775 km, Gabon 2567 km |
Coastline | 1,600 km | 169 km |
Maritime claims | territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm | territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm |
Climate | semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) | tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator |
Terrain | narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau | coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin |
Elevation extremes | highest point: Moca 2,620 m lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m mean elevation: 1,112 m | highest point: Mount Berongou 903 m lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m mean elevation: 430 m |
Natural resources | petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium | petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, gold, magnesium, natural gas, hydropower |
Land use | agricultural land: 45.7% (2018 est.) arable land: 3.9% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 41.5% (2018 est.) forest: 54.3% (2018 est.) | agricultural land: 31.1% (2018 est.) arable land: 1.6% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 29.3% (2018 est.) forest: 65.6% (2018 est.) other: 3.3% (2018 est.) |
Irrigated land | 860 sq km (2014) | 20 sq km (2012) |
Natural hazards | locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau | seasonal flooding |
Environment - current issues | overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water | air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; tap water is not potable; deforestation; wildlife protection |
Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
Geography - note | the province of Cabinda is an exclave, separated from the rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo | about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, or along the railroad between them |
Total renewable water resources | 148.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) | 832 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) |
Population distribution | most people live in the western half of the country; urban areas account for the highest concentrations of people, particularly the capital of Luanda as shown in this population distribution map | the population is primarily located in the south, in and around the capital of Brazzaville as shown in this population distribution map |
Demographics
Angola | Republic of the Congo | |
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Population | 33,642,646 (July 2021 est.) note: Angola's national statistical agency projected the country's 2017 population to be 28.4 million | 5,417,414 (July 2021 est.) note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected |
Age structure | 0-14 years: 47.83% (male 7,758,636/female 7,797,869) 15-24 years: 18.64% (male 2,950,999/female 3,109,741) 25-54 years: 27.8% (male 4,301,618/female 4,740,463) 55-64 years: 3.43% (male 523,517/female 591,249) 65 years and over: 2.3% (male 312,197/female 436,050) (2020 est.) | 0-14 years: 41.57% (male 1,110,484/female 1,089,732) 15-24 years: 17.14% (male 454,981/female 452,204) 25-54 years: 33.5% (male 886,743/female 886,312) 55-64 years: 4.59% (male 125,207/female 117,810) 65 years and over: 3.2% (male 75,921/female 93,676) (2020 est.) |
Median age | total: 15.9 years male: 15.4 years female: 16.4 years (2020 est.) | total: 19.5 years male: 19.3 years female: 19.7 years (2020 est.) |
Population growth rate | 3.38% (2021 est.) | 2.36% (2021 est.) |
Birth rate | 42.22 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 32.15 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
Death rate | 8.24 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 8.55 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
Net migration rate | -0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
Sex ratio | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2020 est.) | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2020 est.) |
Infant mortality rate | total: 60.58 deaths/1,000 live births male: 65.91 deaths/1,000 live births female: 55.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) | total: 49.28 deaths/1,000 live births male: 53.82 deaths/1,000 live births female: 44.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) |
Life expectancy at birth | total population: 61.71 years male: 59.66 years female: 63.81 years (2021 est.) | total population: 61.69 years male: 60.27 years female: 63.16 years (2021 est.) |
Total fertility rate | 5.9 children born/woman (2021 est.) | 4.41 children born/woman (2021 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate | 1.8% (2020 est.) | 3.3% (2020 est.) |
Nationality | noun: Angolan(s) adjective: Angolan | noun: Congolese (singular and plural) adjective: Congolese or Congo |
Ethnic groups | Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% | Kongo 40.5%, Teke 16.9%, Mbochi 13.1%, foreigner 8.2%, Sangha 5.6%, Mbere/Mbeti/Kele 4.4%, Punu 4.3%, Pygmy 1.6%, Oubanguiens 1.6%, Duma 1.5%, Makaa 1.3%, other and unspecified 1% (2014-15 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | 340,000 (2020 est.) | 110,000 (2020 est.) |
Religions | Roman Catholic 41.1%, Protestant 38.1%, other 8.6%, none 12.3% (2014 est.) | Roman Catholic 33.1%, Awakening Churches/Christian Revival 22.3%, Protestant 19.9%, Salutiste 2.2%, Muslim 1.6%, Kimbanguiste 1.5%, other 8.1%, none 11.3% (2010 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - deaths | 16,000 (2020 est.) | 6,100 (2020 est.) |
Languages | Portuguese 71.2% (official), Umbundu 23%, Kikongo 8.2%, Kimbundu 7.8%, Chokwe 6.5%, Nhaneca 3.4%, Nganguela 3.1%, Fiote 2.4%, Kwanhama 2.3%, Muhumbi 2.1%, Luvale 1%, other 3.6%; note - data represent most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census (2014 est.) | French (official), French Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread) major-language sample(s): Buku oyo ya bosembo ya Mokili Mobimba Ezali na Makanisi ya Liboso Mpenza. (Lingala) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. |
Literacy | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 71.1% male: 82% female: 60.7% (2015) | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 80.3% male: 86.1% female: 74.6% (2018) |
Major infectious diseases | degree of risk: very high (2020) food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria water contact diseases: schistosomiasis animal contact diseases: rabies | degree of risk: very high (2020) food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever water contact diseases: schistosomiasis animal contact diseases: rabies |
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) | total: 10 years male: 12 years female: 7 years (2011) | total: 11 years male: 11 years female: 11 years (2012) |
Education expenditures | 3.4% of GDP (2010) | 3.5% of GDP (2018) |
Urbanization | urban population: 67.5% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 4.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) | urban population: 68.3% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 3.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) |
Drinking water source | improved: urban: 81.7% of population rural: 36.6% of population total: 65.8% of population unimproved: urban: 18.3% of population rural: 63.4% of population total: 34.2% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 97.5% of population rural: 56.4% of population total: 83.7% of population unimproved: urban: 2.5% of population rural: 43.6% of population total: 16.3% of population (2017 est.) |
Sanitation facility access | improved: urban: 92.2% of population rural: 29.2% of population total: 70.1% of population unimproved: urban: 7.8% of population rural: 70.8% of population total: 29.9% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 73.4% of population rural: 15.1% of population total: 53.9% of population unimproved: urban: 26.6% of population rural: 84.9% of population total: 46.1% of population (2017 est.) |
Major cities - population | 8.632 million LUANDA (capital), 871,000 Lubango, 819,000 Cabinda (2021) | 2.470 million BRAZZAVILLE (capital), 1.254 million Pointe-Noire (2021) |
Children under the age of 5 years underweight | 19% (2015/16) | 12.3% (2014/15) |
Health expenditures | 2.6% (2018) | 2.1% (2018) |
Physicians density | 0.22 physicians/1,000 population (2017) | 0.17 physicians/1,000 population (2011) |
Obesity - adult prevalence rate | 8.2% (2016) | 9.6% (2016) |
Mother's mean age at first birth | 19.4 years (2015/16 est.) note: median age at first birth among women 20-49 | 19.8 years (2011/12 est.) note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 |
Demographic profile | More than a decade after the end of Angola's 27-year civil war, the country still faces a variety of socioeconomic problems, including poverty, high maternal and child mortality, and illiteracy. Despite the country's rapid post-war economic growth based on oil production, about 40 percent of Angolans live below the poverty line and unemployment is widespread, especially among the large young-adult population. Only about 70% of the population is literate, and the rate drops to around 60% for women. The youthful population - about 45% are under the age of 15 - is expected to continue growing rapidly with a fertility rate of more than 5 children per woman and a low rate of contraceptive use. Fewer than half of women deliver their babies with the assistance of trained health care personnel, which contributes to Angola's high maternal mortality rate. Of the estimated 550,000 Angolans who fled their homeland during its civil war, most have returned home since 2002. In 2012, the UN assessed that conditions in Angola had been stable for several years and invoked a cessation of refugee status for Angolans. Following the cessation clause, some of those still in exile returned home voluntarily through UN repatriation programs, and others integrated into host countries. | The Republic of the Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with nearly 70% of Congolese living in urban areas. The population is concentrated in the southwest of the country, mainly in the capital Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and along the railway line that connects the two. The tropical jungles in the north of the country are sparsely populated. Most Congolese are Bantu, and most belong to one of four main ethnic groups, the Kongo, Teke, Mbochi, and Sangha, which consist of over 70 subgroups. The Republic of Congo is in the early stages of a demographic transition, whereby a population shifts from high fertility and mortality rates to low fertility and mortality rates associated with industrialized societies. Its total fertility rate (TFR), the average number of children born per woman, remains high at 4.4. While its TFR has steadily decreased, the progress slowed beginning in about 1995. The slowdown in fertility reduction has delayed the demographic transition and Congo's potential to reap a demographic dividend, the economic boost that can occur when the share of the working-age population is larger than the dependent age groups. The TFR differs significantly between urban and rural areas - 3.7 in urban areas versus 6.5 in rural areas. The TFR also varies among regions. The urban regions of Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire have much lower TFRs than other regions, which are predominantly or completely rural. The gap between desired fertility and actual fertility is also greatest in rural areas. Rural families may have more children to contribute to agricultural production and/or due to a lack of information about and access to contraception. Urban families may prefer to have fewer children because raising them is more expensive and balancing work and childcare may be more difficult. The number of births among teenage girls, the frequency of giving birth before the age of fifteen, and a lack of education are the most likely reasons for higher TFRs in rural areas. Although 90% of school-age children are enrolled in primary school, repetition and dropout rates are high and the quality of education is poor. Congolese women with no or little education start having children earlier and have more children in total than those with at least some secondary education.
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Contraceptive prevalence rate | 13.7% (2015/16) | 30.1% (2014/15) |
Dependency ratios | total dependency ratio: 94.5 youth dependency ratio: 90.2 elderly dependency ratio: 4.3 potential support ratio: 23.5 (2020 est.) | total dependency ratio: 78.7 youth dependency ratio: 73.7 elderly dependency ratio: 4.9 potential support ratio: 20.3 (2020 est.) |
Government
Angola | Republic of the Congo | |
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Country name | conventional long form: Republic of Angola conventional short form: Angola local long form: Republica de Angola local short form: Angola former: People's Republic of Angola etymology: name derived by the Portuguese from the title "ngola" held by kings of the Ndongo (Ndongo was a kingdom in what is now northern Angola) | conventional long form: Republic of the Congo conventional short form: Congo (Brazzaville) local long form: Republique du Congo local short form: Congo former: French Congo, Middle Congo, People's Republic of the Congo, Congo/Brazzaville etymology: named for the Congo River, which makes up much of the country's eastern border; the river name derives from Kongo, a Bantu kingdom that occupied its mouth at the time of Portuguese discovery in the late 15th century and whose name stems from its people the Bakongo, meaning "hunters" |
Government type | presidential republic | presidential republic |
Capital | name: Luanda geographic coordinates: 8 50 S, 13 13 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time etymology: originally named "Sao Paulo da Assuncao de Loanda" (Saint Paul of the Assumption of Loanda), which over time was shortened and corrupted to just Luanda | name: Brazzaville geographic coordinates: 4 15 S, 15 17 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: named after the Italian-born French explorer and humanitarian, Pierre Savorgnan de BRAZZA (1852-1905), who promoted French colonial interests in central Africa and worked against slavery and the abuse of African laborers |
Administrative divisions | 18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza-Norte, Cuanza-Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda-Norte, Lunda-Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire | 12 departments (departments, singular - department); Bouenza, Brazzaville, Cuvette, Cuvette-Ouest, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pointe-Noire, Pool, Sangha |
Independence | 11 November 1975 (from Portugal) | 15 August 1960 (from France) |
National holiday | Independence Day, 11 November (1975) | Independence Day, 15 August (1960) |
Constitution | history: previous 1975, 1992; latest passed by National Assembly 21 January 2010, adopted 5 February 2010 amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one third of the National Assembly membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly subject to prior Constitutional Court review if requested by the president of the republic | history: several previous; latest approved by referendum 25 October 2015 amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; passage of presidential proposals requires Supreme Court review followed by approval in a referendum; such proposals may also be submitted directly to Parliament, in which case passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote of both houses in joint session; proposals by Parliament require three-fourths majority vote of both houses in joint session; constitutional articles including those affecting the country's territory, republican form of government, and secularity of the state are not amendable |
Legal system | civil legal system based on Portuguese civil law; no judicial review of legislation | mixed legal system of French civil law and customary law |
Suffrage | 18 years of age; universal | 18 years of age; universal |
Executive branch | chief of state: President Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (since 26 September 2017); Vice President Bornito De Sousa Baltazar DIOGO (since 26 September 2017); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (since 26 September 2017); Vice President Bornito De Sousa Baltazar DIOGO (since 26 September 2017) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: the candidate of the winning party or coalition in the last legislative election becomes the president; president serves a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term); last held on 23 August 2017 (next to be held in 2022) election results: Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (MPLA) elected president by the winning party following the 23 August 2017 general election | chief of state: President Denis SASSOU-Nguesso (since 25 October 1997) head of government: Prime Minister Clement MOUAMBA (since 24 April 2016); note - a constitutional referendum held in 2015 approved the change of the head of government from the president to the prime minister (2019) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for 2 additional terms); election last held on 21 March 2021 (next to be held on 21 March 2026) election results: Denis SASSOU-Nguesso reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Denis SASSOU-Nguesso (PCT) 88.4%, Guy Price Parfait KOLELAS (MCDDI) 8.0%, turnout is 67.6%. |
Legislative branch | description: unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (220 seats; members directly elected in a single national constituency and in multi-seat constituencies by closed list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms) elections: last held on 23 August 2017 (next to be held in August 2022) election results: percent of vote by party - MPLA 61.1%, UNITA 26.7%, CASA-CE 9.5%, PRS 1.4%, FNLA 0.9%, other 0.5%; seats by party - MPLA 150, UNITA 51, CASA-CE 16, PRS 2, FNLA 1; composition - men 136, women 84, percent of women 38.2% | description: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of: Senate (72 seats; members indirectly elected by regional councils by simple majority vote to serve 6-year terms with one-half of membership renewed every 3 years) National Assembly (151 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed; members serve 5-year terms) elections: Senate - last held on 31 August 2017 for expiry of half the seats (next to be held in 2020) National Assembly - last held on 16 and 30 July 2017 (next to be held in July 2022) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PCT 46, independent 12, MAR 2, RDPS 2, UPADS 2, DRD 1, FP 1, MCDDI 1, PRL 1, Pulp 1, PUR 1, RC 1; composition - men 58, women 14, percent of women 19.4% National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PCT 96, UPADS 8, MCDDI 4, other 23 (less than 4 seats) independent 20; composition - men 134, women 17, percent of women 11.3%; note - total Parliament percent of women 13.9% |
Judicial branch | highest courts: Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (consists of the court president, vice president, and a minimum of 16 judges); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 11 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the president upon recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council, an 18-member body chaired by the president; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges - 4 nominated by the president, 4 elected by National Assembly, 2 elected by Supreme National Council, 1 elected by competitive submission of curricula; judges serve single 7-year terms subordinate courts: provincial and municipal courts | highest courts: Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); note - a High Court of Justice, outside the judicial authority, tries cases involving treason by the president of the republic judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges elected by Parliament and serve until age 65; Constitutional Court members appointed by the president of the republic - 3 directly by the president and 6 nominated by Parliament; members appointed for renewable 9-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years subordinate courts: Court of Audit and Budgetary Discipline; courts of appeal; regional and district courts; employment tribunals; juvenile courts |
Political parties and leaders | Broad Convergence for the Salvation of Angola Electoral Coalition or CASA-CE [Andre Mendes de CARVALHO] National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA; note - party has two factions; one led by Lucas NGONDA; the other by Ngola KABANGU National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA] (largest opposition party) Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Joao LOURENCO]; note - Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS stepped down 8 Sept 2018 ruling party in power since 1975 Social Renewal Party or PRS [Benedito DANIEL] | Action Movement for Renewal or MAR [Roland BOUITI-VIAUDO] Citizen's Rally or RC [Claude Alphonse NSILOU] Congolese Labour Party or PCT [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO] Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Guy Price Parfait KOLELAS] Movement for Unity, Solidarity, and Work or MUST [Claudine MUNARI] Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Pascal Tsaty MABIALA] Party for the Unity of the Republic or PUR Patriotic Union for Democracy and Progress or UPDP [Auguste-Celestin GONGARD NKOUA] Prospects and Realities Club or CPR Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Bernard BATCHI] Rally of the Presidential Majority or RMP Republican and Liberal Party or PRL [Bonaventure MIZIDY] Union for the Republic or UR Union of Democratic Forces or UDF Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR many smaller parties |
International organization participation | ACP, AfDB, AU, CEMAC, CPLP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OPEC, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO | ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
Diplomatic representation in the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Joaquim do Espirito SANTO (since 16 September 2019) chancery: 2100-2108 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 785-1156 FAX: [1] (202) 822-9049 email address and website: info@angola.org https://angola.org/ consulate(s) general: Houston, New York | chief of mission: Ambassador Serge MOMBOULI (since 31 July 2001) chancery: 1720 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 726-5500 FAX: [1] (202) 726-1860 email address and website: info@ambacongo-us.org http://www.ambacongo-us.org/en-us/home.aspx consulate(s): New Orleans |
Diplomatic representation from the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Nina Maria FITE (since 14 February 2018) embassy: Rua Houari Boumedienne, #32, Luanda mailing address: 2550 Luanda Place, Washington, DC 20521-2550 telephone: [244] (222) 64-1000 FAX: [244] (222) 64-1000 email address and website: Consularluanda@state.gov https://ao.usembassy.gov/ | chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ellen B. THORBURN (since January 2021) embassy: 70-83 Section D, Boulevard Denis Sassou N'Guesso, Brazzaville mailing address: 2090 Brazzaville Place, Washington DC 20521-2090 telephone: [242] 06 612-2000, [242] 05 387-9700 email address and website: BrazzavilleACS@state.gov https://cg.usembassy.gov/ |
Flag description | two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle); red represents liberty and black the African continent; the symbols characterize workers and peasants | divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; green symbolizes agriculture and forests, yellow the friendship and nobility of the people, red is unexplained but has been associated with the struggle for independence note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia |
National anthem | name: "Angola Avante" (Forward Angola) lyrics/music: Manuel Rui Alves MONTEIRO/Rui Alberto Vieira Dias MINGAO note: adopted 1975 | name: "La Congolaise" (The Congolese) lyrics/music: Jacques TONDRA and Georges KIBANGHI/Jean ROYER and Joseph SPADILIERE note: originally adopted 1959, restored 1991 |
International law organization participation | has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt | has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction |
National symbol(s) | Palanca Negra Gigante (giant black sable antelope); national colors: red, black, yellow | lion, elephant; national colors: green, yellow, red |
Citizenship | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Angola dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of the Republic of the Congo dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years |
Economy
Angola | Republic of the Congo | |
---|---|---|
Economy - overview | Angola's economy is overwhelmingly driven by its oil sector. Oil production and its supporting activities contribute about 50% of GDP, more than 70% of government revenue, and more than 90% of the country's exports; Angola is an OPEC member and subject to its direction regarding oil production levels. Diamonds contribute an additional 5% to exports. Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for most of the people, but half of the country's food is still imported. Increased oil production supported growth averaging more than 17% per year from 2004 to 2008. A postwar reconstruction boom and resettlement of displaced persons led to high rates of growth in construction and agriculture as well. Some of the country's infrastructure is still damaged or undeveloped from the 27-year-long civil war (1975-2002). However, the government since 2005 has used billions of dollars in credit from China, Brazil, Portugal, Germany, Spain, and the EU to help rebuild Angola's public infrastructure. Land mines left from the war still mar the countryside, and as a result, the national military, international partners, and private Angolan firms all continue to remove them. The global recession that started in 2008 stalled Angola's economic growth and many construction projects stopped because Luanda accrued billions in arrears to foreign construction companies when government revenue fell. Lower prices for oil and diamonds also resulted in GDP falling 0.7% in 2016. Angola formally abandoned its currency peg in 2009 but reinstituted it in April 2016 and maintains an overvalued exchange rate. In late 2016, Angola lost the last of its correspondent relationships with foreign banks, further exacerbating hard currency problems. Since 2013 the central bank has consistently spent down reserves to defend the kwanza, gradually allowing a 40% depreciation since late 2014. Consumer inflation declined from 325% in 2000 to less than 9% in 2014, before rising again to above 30% from 2015-2017. Continued low oil prices, the depreciation of the kwanza, and slower than expected growth in non-oil GDP have reduced growth prospects, although several major international oil companies remain in Angola. Corruption, especially in the extractive sectors, is a major long-term challenge that poses an additional threat to the economy. | The Republic of the Congo's economy is a mixture of subsistence farming, an industrial sector based largely on oil and support services, and government spending. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing a major share of government revenues and exports. Natural gas is increasingly being converted to electricity rather than being flared, greatly improving energy prospects. New mining projects, particularly iron ore, which entered production in late 2013, may add as much as $1 billion to annual government revenue. The Republic of the Congo is a member of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) and shares a common currency - the Central African Franc - with five other member states in the region. The current administration faces difficult economic challenges of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty. The drop in oil prices that began in 2014 has constrained government spending; lower oil prices forced the government to cut more than $1 billion in planned spending. The fiscal deficit amounted to 11% of GDP in 2017. The government's inability to pay civil servant salaries has resulted in multiple rounds of strikes by many groups, including doctors, nurses, and teachers. In the wake of a multi-year recession, the country reached out to the IMF in 2017 for a new program; the IMF noted that the country's continued dependence on oil, unsustainable debt, and significant governance weakness are key impediments to the country's economy. In 2018, the country's external debt level will approach 120% of GDP. The IMF urged the government to renegotiate debts levels to sustainable levels before it agreed to a new macroeconomic adjustment package. |
GDP (purchasing power parity) | $212.285 billion (2019 est.) $213.619 billion (2018 est.) $217.987 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars | $19.763 billion (2019 est.) $20.489 billion (2018 est.) $21.844 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars |
GDP - real growth rate | -2.5% (2017 est.) -2.6% (2016 est.) 0.9% (2015 est.) | -3.1% (2017 est.) -2.8% (2016 est.) 2.6% (2015 est.) |
GDP - per capita (PPP) | $6,670 (2019 est.) $6,934 (2018 est.) $7,311 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars | $3,673 (2019 est.) $3,907 (2018 est.) $4,274 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars |
GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 10.2% (2011 est.) industry: 61.4% (2011 est.) services: 28.4% (2011 est.) | agriculture: 9.3% (2017 est.) industry: 51% (2017 est.) services: 39.7% (2017 est.) |
Population below poverty line | 32.3% (2018 est.) | 40.9% (2011 est.) |
Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%: 0.6% highest 10%: 44.7% (2000) | lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 37.1% (2005) |
Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 17.2% (2019 est.) 20.3% (2018 est.) 32.1% (2017 est.) | 2.2% (2019 est.) 1.1% (2018 est.) 0.4% (2017 est.) |
Labor force | 12.51 million (2017 est.) | 2.055 million (2016 est.) |
Labor force - by occupation | agriculture: 85% industry: 15% (2015 est.) industry and services: 15% (2003 est.) | agriculture: 35.4% industry: 20.6% services: 44% (2005 est.) |
Unemployment rate | 6.6% (2016 est.) | 36% (2014 est.) |
Distribution of family income - Gini index | 51.3 (2018 est.) | 48.9 (2011 est.) |
Budget | revenues: 37.02 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 45.44 billion (2017 est.) | revenues: 1.965 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 2.578 billion (2017 est.) |
Industries | petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing; food processing, brewing, tobacco products, sugar; textiles; ship repair | petroleum extraction, cement, lumber, brewing, sugar, palm oil, soap, flour, cigarettes |
Industrial production growth rate | 2.5% (2017 est.) | -3% (2017 est.) |
Agriculture - products | cassava, bananas, maize, sweet potatoes, pineapples, sugar cane, potatoes, citrus fruit, vegetables, cabbage | cassava, sugar cane, oil palm fruit, cassava leaves, bananas, plantains, roots/tubers, game meat, vegetables, mangoes/guavas |
Exports | $33.07 billion (2017 est.) $31.03 billion (2016 est.) | $4.193 billion (2017 est.) $4.116 billion (2016 est.) |
Exports - commodities | crude petroleum, diamonds, natural gas, refined petroleum, ships (2019) | crude petroleum, copper, lumber, ships, refined petroleum (2019) |
Exports - partners | China 62%, India 10%, United Arab Emirates 4%, Portugal 3%, Spain 3% (2019) | China 49%, United Arab Emirates 15%, India 6%, Italy 5% (2019) |
Imports | $19.5 billion (2017 est.) $13.04 billion (2016 est.) | $2.501 billion (2017 est.) $5.639 billion (2016 est.) |
Imports - commodities | refined petroleum, scrap vessels, meat, rice, palm oil (2019) | ships, chicken products, refined petroleum, processed fish, packaged medicines (2019) |
Imports - partners | China 22%, Portugal 15%, Nigeria 6%, Belgium 6%, United States 5%, South Africa 5%, Brazil 5% (2019) | China 15%, France 12%, Belgium 6%, Angola 5% (2019) |
Debt - external | $42.08 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $27.14 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $4.605 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $4.721 billion (31 December 2016 est.) |
Exchange rates | kwanza (AOA) per US dollar - 172.6 (2017 est.) 163.656 (2016 est.) 163.656 (2015 est.) 120.061 (2014 est.) 98.303 (2013 est.) | Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar - 579.8 (2017 est.) 593.01 (2016 est.) 593.01 (2015 est.) 591.45 (2014 est.) 494.42 (2013 est.) |
Fiscal year | calendar year | calendar year |
Public debt | 65% of GDP (2017 est.) 75.3% of GDP (2016 est.) | 130.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 128.7% of GDP (2016 est.) |
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | $17.29 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $23.74 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $505.7 million (31 December 2017 est.) $727.1 million (31 December 2016 est.) |
Current Account Balance | -$1.254 billion (2017 est.) -$4.834 billion (2016 est.) | -$1.128 billion (2017 est.) -$5.735 billion (2016 est.) |
GDP (official exchange rate) | $97.261 billion (2019 est.) | $8.718 billion (2017 est.) |
Credit ratings | Fitch rating: CCC (2020) Moody's rating: Caa1 (2020) Standard & Poors rating: CCC+ (2020) | Fitch rating: CCC (2019) Moody's rating: Caa2 (2018) Standard & Poors rating: CCC+ (2020) |
Ease of Doing Business Index scores | Overall score: 41.3 (2020) Starting a Business score: 79.4 (2020) Trading score: 36.2 (2020) Enforcement score: 28.1 (2020) | Overall score: 39.5 (2020) Starting a Business score: 65.8 (2020) Trading score: 19.7 (2020) Enforcement score: 44 (2020) |
Taxes and other revenues | 29.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | 22.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) | -6.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | -7% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
GDP - composition, by end use | household consumption: 80.6% (2017 est.) government consumption: 15.6% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 10.3% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: -1.2% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 25.4% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -30.7% (2017 est.) | household consumption: 47.6% (2017 est.) government consumption: 9.6% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 42.5% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 0.1% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 62.9% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -62.7% (2017 est.) |
Gross national saving | 23.3% of GDP (2019 est.) 25.2% of GDP (2018 est.) 23.4% of GDP (2017 est.) | 19.5% of GDP (2017 est.) -12.8% of GDP (2016 est.) 6.6% of GDP (2015 est.) |
Energy
Angola | Republic of the Congo | |
---|---|---|
Electricity - production | 10.2 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 1.696 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
Electricity - consumption | 9.036 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 912 million kWh (2016 est.) |
Electricity - exports | 0 kWh (2016 est.) | 22 million kWh (2015 est.) |
Electricity - imports | 0 kWh (2016 est.) | 18 million kWh (2016 est.) |
Oil - production | 1.593 million bbl/day (2018 est.) | 340,000 bbl/day (2018 est.) |
Oil - imports | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
Oil - exports | 1.782 million bbl/day (2015 est.) | 254,100 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
Oil - proved reserves | 9.523 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.) | 1.6 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.) |
Natural gas - proved reserves | 308.1 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.) | 90.61 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.) |
Natural gas - production | 3.115 billion cu m (2017 est.) | 1.387 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
Natural gas - consumption | 821.2 million cu m (2017 est.) | 1.387 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
Natural gas - exports | 3.993 billion cu m (2017 est.) | 0 cu m (2017 est.) |
Natural gas - imports | 0 cu m (2017 est.) | 0 cu m (2017 est.) |
Electricity - installed generating capacity | 2.613 million kW (2016 est.) | 591,500 kW (2016 est.) |
Electricity - from fossil fuels | 34% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) | 64% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) |
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants | 64% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 36% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
Electricity - from nuclear fuels | 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
Electricity - from other renewable sources | 2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
Refined petroleum products - production | 53,480 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 15,760 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
Refined petroleum products - consumption | 130,000 bbl/day (2016 est.) | 17,000 bbl/day (2016 est.) |
Refined petroleum products - exports | 30,340 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 5,766 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
Refined petroleum products - imports | 111,600 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 7,162 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
Electricity access | electrification - total population: 43% (2019) electrification - urban areas: 61% (2019) electrification - rural areas: 6% (2019) | electrification - total population: 72% (2019) electrification - urban areas: 89% (2019) electrification - rural areas: 36% (2019) |
Telecommunications
Angola | Republic of the Congo | |
---|---|---|
Telephones - main lines in use | total subscriptions: 124,726 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 17,076 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2019 est.) |
Telephones - mobile cellular | total subscriptions: 14,830,154 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47.19 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 4,933,529 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 95.34 (2019 est.) |
Internet country code | .ao | .cg |
Internet users | total: 4,353,033 percent of population: 14.34% (July 2018 est.) | total: 437,865 percent of population: 8.65% (July 2018 est.) |
Telecommunication systems | general assessment: Angola's telecom sector shows consistent recovery following political stability, encouraging foreign investment; while the government opened the telecom sector to new competitors, there has been slow progress in LTE network development; only a small proportion of the country is covered by the 3G network infrastructure; Internet and mobile phone penetration remains low, hindered by high costs and poor infrastructure that limits access, especially in rural areas; upgrading telecom will support e-commerce, and rural access to education and health care; AngoSat-2 satellite expected to be ready in 2021; government aims to connect an additional 160,000 people to free Wi-Fi; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021) (2020)domestic: only about one fixed-line per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity about 47 telephones per 100 persons (2019) international: country code - 244; landing points for the SAT-3/WASC, WACS, ACE and SACS fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to other countries in west Africa, Brazil, Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 29, Angosat-2 satellite expected by 2021 (2019) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments | general assessment: suffering from economic challenges of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty; primary network consists of microwave radio relay and coaxial cable with services barely adequate for government use; key exchanges are in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo; intercity lines frequently out of order; youth are seeking the Internet more than their parents and often gain access through cyber cafes; only the most affluent have Internet access in their homes; operator has plans to upgrade national broadband through fiber link to WACS landing station at Pointe-Noire with connections to Angola and DRC; fiber network project with aims to connect north and south regions; DRC operator added fiber link between Brazzaville and Kinshasa (2020) (2020)domestic: fixed-line infrastructure inadequate, providing less than 1 fixed-line connection per 100 persons; in the absence of an adequate fixed-line infrastructure, mobile-cellular subscribership has surged to 95 per 100 persons (2019) international: country code - 242; WACS submarine cables to Europe and Western and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments |
Broadcast media | state controls all broadcast media with nationwide reach; state-owned Televisao Popular de Angola (TPA) provides terrestrial TV service on 2 channels; a third TPA channel is available via cable and satellite; TV subscription services are available; state-owned Radio Nacional de Angola (RNA) broadcasts on 5 stations; about a half-dozen private radio stations broadcast locally | 1 state-owned TV and 3 state-owned radio stations; several privately owned TV and radio stations; satellite TV service is available; rebroadcasts of several international broadcasters are available |
Transportation
Angola | Republic of the Congo | |
---|---|---|
Railways | total: 2,852 km (2014) narrow gauge: 2,729 km 1.067-m gauge (2014) 123 km 0.600-m gauge | total: 510 km (2014) narrow gauge: 510 km 1.067-m gauge (2014) |
Roadways | total: 26,000 km (2018) paved: 13,600 km (2018) unpaved: 12,400 km (2018) | total: 23,324 km (2017) paved: 3,111 km (2017) unpaved: 20,213 km (2017) note: road network in Congo is composed of 23,324 km of which 17,000 km are classified as national, departmental, and routes of local interest: 6,324 km are non-classified routes |
Waterways | 1,300 km (2011) | 1,120 km (commercially navigable on Congo and Oubanqui Rivers above Brazzaville; there are many ferries across the river to Kinshasa; the Congo south of Brazzaville-Kinshasa to the coast is not navigable because of rapids, necessitating a rail connection to Pointe Noire; other rivers are used for local traffic only) (2011) |
Pipelines | 352 km gas, 85 km liquid petroleum gas, 1065 km oil, 5 km oil/gas/water (2013) | 232 km gas, 4 km liquid petroleum gas, 982 km oil (2013) |
Ports and terminals | major seaport(s): Cabinda, Lobito, Luanda, Namibe LNG terminal(s) (export): Angola Soyo | major seaport(s): Pointe-Noire oil terminal(s): Djeno river port(s): Brazzaville (Congo) Impfondo (Oubangi) Ouesso (Sangha) Oyo (Alima) |
Merchant marine | total: 54 by type: general cargo 14, oil tanker 8, other 32 (2020) | total: 11 by type: general cargo 1, oil tanker 1, other 9 (2020) |
Airports | total: 102 (2020) | total: 27 (2013) |
Airports - with paved runways | total: 32 (2020) over 3,047 m: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 6 | total: 8 (2017) over 3,047 m: 2 (2017) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2017) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 (2017) |
Airports - with unpaved runways | total: 70 (2020) over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 22 | total: 19 (2013) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 9 (2013) under 914 m: 2 (2013) |
National air transport system | number of registered air carriers: 10 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 55 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,516,628 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 78.16 million mt-km (2018) | number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 12 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 333,899 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 4.6 million mt-km (2018) |
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix | D2 | TN |
Military
Angola | Republic of the Congo | |
---|---|---|
Military branches | Angolan Armed Forces (Forcas Armadas Angolanas, FAA): Army, Navy (Marinha de Guerra Angola, MGA), Angolan National Air Force (Forca Aerea Nacional Angolana, FANA; under operational control of the Army); Rapid Reaction Police (paramilitary) (2021) | Congolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Congolaises, FAC): Army (Armee de Terre), Navy, Congolese Air Force (Armee de l'Air Congolaise), Gendarmerie (2021) |
Military service age and obligation | 20-45 years of age for compulsory male and 18-45 years for voluntary male military service (registration at age 18 is mandatory); 20-45 years of age for voluntary female service; 2-year conscript service obligation; Angolan citizenship required; the Navy (MGA) is entirely staffed with volunteers (2019) | 18 years of age for voluntary military service; women may serve in the Armed Forces (2019) |
Military expenditures - percent of GDP | 1.7% of GDP (2019) 1.8% of GDP (2018) 2.4% of GDP (2017) 3% of GDP (2016) 3.5% of GDP (2015) | 2.7% of GDP (2019) 2.5% of GDP (2018) 4.3% of GDP (2017) 6.4% of GDP (2016) |
Military and security service personnel strengths | the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) are comprised of approximately 107,000 active troops (100,000 Army; 1,000 Navy; 6,000 Air Force); est. 10,000 Rapid Reaction Police (2020) | the Congolese Armed Forces (FAC) have approximately 12,000 active duty troops (8,000 Army; 800 Navy; 1,000 Air Force; 2,000 Gendarmerie) (2020) |
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions | most Angolan military weapons and equipment are of Russian, Soviet, or Warsaw Pact origin; since 2010, Russia has remained the principle supplier of military hardware to Angola (2020) | the FAC is armed with mostly ageing Russian/Soviet-era weapons, with some French and South African equipment; the leading supplier of arms to the FAC since 2010 is South Africa (2020) |
Transnational Issues
Angola | Republic of the Congo | |
---|---|---|
Disputes - international | Democratic Republic of Congo accuses Angola of shifting monuments | the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is undefined except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area |
Refugees and internally displaced persons | refugees (country of origin): 37,434 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers), 9,274 (Guinea), 6,357 (Cote d'Ivoire), 5,725 (Mauritania) (2021) | refugees (country of origin): 20,867 (Central African Republic), 28,579 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021) IDPs: 304,430 (multiple civil wars since 1992) (2021) |
Environment
Angola | Republic of the Congo | |
---|---|---|
Air pollutants | particulate matter emissions: 27.95 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 34.69 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 23.28 megatons (2020 est.) | particulate matter emissions: 38.67 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 3.28 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 2.24 megatons (2020 est.) |
Total water withdrawal | municipal: 319.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 239.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 146.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.) | municipal: 63.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 24 million cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 4 million cubic meters (2017 est.) |
Revenue from forest resources | forest revenues: 0.36% of GDP (2018 est.) | forest revenues: 3.17% of GDP (2018 est.) |
Revenue from coal | coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.) | coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.) |
Waste and recycling | municipal solid waste generated annually: 4,213,644 tons (2012 est.) | municipal solid waste generated annually: 451,200 tons (1993 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 118,214 tons (2005 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 26.2% (2005 est.) |
Source: CIA Factbook