Austria vs. Hungary
Introduction
| Austria | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Background | Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade unification with Germany. A constitutional law that same year declared the country's "perpetual neutrality" as a condition for Soviet military withdrawal. The Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 and Austria's entry into the EU in 1995 have altered the meaning of this neutrality. A prosperous, democratic country, Austria entered the EU Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. | Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later. |
Geography
| Austria | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Location | Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia | Central Europe, northwest of Romania |
| Geographic coordinates | 47 20 N, 13 20 E | 47 00 N, 20 00 E |
| Map references | Europe | Europe |
| Area | total: 83,871 sq km land: 82,445 sq km water: 1,426 sq km | total: 93,028 sq km land: 89,608 sq km water: 3,420 sq km |
| Area - comparative | about the size of South Carolina; slightly more than two-thirds the size of Pennsylvania | slightly smaller than Virginia; about the same size as Indiana |
| Land boundaries | total: 2,524 km border countries (8): Czech Republic 402 km, Germany 801 km, Hungary 321 km, Italy 404 km, Liechtenstein 34 km, Slovakia 105 km, Slovenia 299 km, Switzerland 158 km | total: 2,106 km border countries (7): Austria 321 km, Croatia 348 km, Romania 424 km, Serbia 164 km, Slovakia 627 km, Slovenia 94 km, Ukraine 128 km |
| Coastline | 0 km (landlocked) | 0 km (landlocked) |
| Maritime claims | none (landlocked) | none (landlocked) |
| Climate | temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers | temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers |
| Terrain | mostly mountains (Alps) in the west and south; mostly flat or gently sloping along the eastern and northern margins | mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border |
| Elevation extremes | highest point: Grossglockner 3,798 m lowest point: Neusiedler See 115 m mean elevation: 910 m | highest point: Kekes 1,014 m lowest point: Tisza River 78 m mean elevation: 143 m |
| Natural resources | oil, coal, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, hydropower | bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land |
| Land use | agricultural land: 38.4% (2018 est.) arable land: 16.5% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 21.1% (2018 est.) forest: 47.2% (2018 est.) other: 14.4% (2018 est.) | agricultural land: 58.9% (2018 est.) arable land: 48.5% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.) forest: 22.5% (2018 est.) other: 18.6% (2018 est.) |
| Irrigated land | 1,170 sq km (2012) | 1,721 sq km (2012) |
| Environment - current issues | some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe; water pollution; the Danube, as well as some of Austria's other rivers and lakes, are threatened by pollution | air and water pollution are some of Hungary's most serious environmental problems; water quality in the Hungarian part of the Danube has improved but is still plagued by pollutants from industry and large-scale agriculture; soil pollution |
| Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Antarctic-Environmental Protection | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protection |
| Geography - note | note 1: landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere note 2: the world's largest and longest ice cave system at 42 km (26 mi) is the Eisriesenwelt (Ice Giants World) inside the Hochkogel mountain near Werfen, about 40 km south of Salzburg; ice caves are bedrock caves that contain year-round ice formations; they differ from glacial caves, which are transient and are formed by melting ice and flowing water within and under glaciers | landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions |
| Total renewable water resources | 77.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) | 104 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) |
| Population distribution | the northern and eastern portions of the country are more densely populated; nearly two-thirds of the populace lives in urban areas | a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations |
Demographics
| Austria | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 8,884,864 (July 2021 est.) | 9,728,337 (July 2021 est.) |
| Age structure | 0-14 years: 14.01% (male 635,803/female 605,065) 15-24 years: 10.36% (male 466,921/female 451,248) 25-54 years: 41.35% (male 1,831,704/female 1,831,669) 55-64 years: 14.41% (male 635,342/female 641,389) 65 years and over: 19.87% (male 768,687/female 991,621) (2020 est.) | 0-14 years: 14.54% (male 731,542/female 689,739) 15-24 years: 10.43% (male 526,933/female 492,388) 25-54 years: 42.17% (male 2,075,763/female 2,044,664) 55-64 years: 12.17% (male 552,876/female 636,107) 65 years and over: 20.69% (male 773,157/female 1,248,658) (2020 est.) |
| Median age | total: 44.5 years male: 43.1 years female: 45.8 years (2020 est.) | total: 43.6 years male: 41.5 years female: 45.5 years (2020 est.) |
| Population growth rate | 0.32% (2021 est.) | -0.29% (2021 est.) |
| Birth rate | 9.48 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 8.72 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Death rate | 9.85 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 12.88 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Net migration rate | 3.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Sex ratio | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2020 est.) | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2020 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate | total: 3.29 deaths/1,000 live births male: 3.7 deaths/1,000 live births female: 2.86 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) | total: 4.69 deaths/1,000 live births male: 5.02 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population: 82.07 years male: 79.42 years female: 84.85 years (2021 est.) | total population: 76.95 years male: 73.27 years female: 80.83 years (2021 est.) |
| Total fertility rate | 1.5 children born/woman (2021 est.) | 1.48 children born/woman (2021 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate | 0.1% (2017 est.) | <.1% (2018 est.) |
| Nationality | noun: Austrian(s) adjective: Austrian | noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian |
| Ethnic groups | Austrian 80.8%, German 2.6%, Bosnian and Herzegovinian 1.9%, Turkish 1.8%, Serbian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, other 10% (2018 est.) note: data represent population by country of birth | Hungarian 85.6%, Romani 3.2%, German 1.9%, other 2.6%, unspecified 14.1% (2011 est.) note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5-10% of Hungary's population |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | 7,400 (2017 est.) | 3,700 (2018 est.) |
| Religions | Catholic 57%, Eastern Orthodox 8.7%, Muslim 7.9%, Evangelical Christian 3.3%, other/none/unspecified 23.1% (2018 est.) note: data on Muslim is a 2016 estimate; data on other/none/unspecified are from 2012-2018 estimates | Roman Catholic 37.2%, Calvinist 11.6%, Lutheran 2.2%, Greek Catholic 1.8%, other 1.9%, none 18.2%, no response 27.2% (2011 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths | <100 (2017 est.) | <100 (2018 est.) |
| Languages | German (official nationwide) 88.6%, Turkish 2.3%, Serbian 2.2%, Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6%, other (includes Slovene, official in southern Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 est.) major-language sample(s): Das World Factbook, die unverzichtbare Quelle für grundlegende Informationen. (German) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. | Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2%; note - shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers (2011 est.) major-language sample(s): A World Factbook nélkülözhetetlen forrása az alapveto információnak. (Hungarian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. |
| School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) | total: 16 years male: 16 years female: 16 years (2018) | total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 15 years (2018) |
| Education expenditures | 5.4% of GDP (2017) | 4.7% of GDP (2017) |
| Urbanization | urban population: 59% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) | urban population: 72.2% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) |
| Drinking water source | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2017 est.) |
| Sanitation facility access | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2017 est.) |
| Major cities - population | 1.945 million VIENNA (capital) (2021) | 1.772 million BUDAPEST (capital) (2021) |
| Maternal mortality rate | 5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) | 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) |
| Health expenditures | 10.3% (2018) | 6.7% (2018) |
| Physicians density | 5.17 physicians/1,000 population (2017) | 3.41 physicians/1,000 population (2018) |
| Hospital bed density | 7.4 beds/1,000 population (2017) | 7 beds/1,000 population (2017) |
| Obesity - adult prevalence rate | 20.1% (2016) | 26.4% (2016) |
| Mother's mean age at first birth | 29.7 years (2019 est.) | 28.3 years (2019 est.) |
| Dependency ratios | total dependency ratio: 50.6 youth dependency ratio: 21.7 elderly dependency ratio: 28.9 potential support ratio: 3.5 (2020 est.) | total dependency ratio: 46.9 youth dependency ratio: 22 elderly dependency ratio: 30.8 potential support ratio: 3.2 (2020 est.) |
Government
| Austria | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Country name | conventional long form: Republic of Austria conventional short form: Austria local long form: Republik Oesterreich local short form: Oesterreich etymology: the name Oesterreich means "eastern realm" or "eastern march" and dates to the 10th century; the designation refers to the fact that Austria was the easternmost extension of Bavaria, and, in fact, of all the Germans; the word Austria is a Latinization of the German name | conventional long form: none conventional short form: Hungary local long form: none local short form: Magyarorszag former: Kingdom of Hungary, Hungarian People's Republic, Hungarian Soviet Republic, Hungarian Republic etymology: the Byzantine Greeks refered to the tribes that arrived on the steppes of Eastern Europe in the 9th century as the "Oungroi," a name that was later Latinized to "Ungri" and which became "Hungari"; the name originally meant an "[alliance of] ten tribes"; the Hungarian name "Magyarorszag" means "Country of the Magyars"; the term may derive from the most prominent of the Hungarian tribes, the Megyer |
| Government type | federal parliamentary republic | parliamentary republic |
| Capital | name: Vienna geographic coordinates: 48 12 N, 16 22 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the origin of the name is disputed but may derive from earlier settlements of the area; a Celtic town of Vedunia, established about 500 B.C., came under Roman dominance around 15 B.C. and became known as Vindobona; archeological remains of the latter survive at many sites in the center of Vienna | name: Budapest geographic coordinates: 47 30 N, 19 05 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the Hungarian capital city was formed in 1873 from the merger of three cities on opposite banks of the Danube: Buda and Obuda (Old Buda) on the western shore and Pest on the eastern; the origins of the original names are obscure, but according to the second century A.D. geographer, Ptolemy, the settlement that would become Pest was called "Pession" in ancient times; "Buda" may derive from either a Slavic or Turkic personal name |
| Administrative divisions | 9 states (Bundeslaender, singular - Bundesland); Burgenland, Kaernten (Carinthia), Niederoesterreich (Lower Austria), Oberoesterreich (Upper Austria), Salzburg, Steiermark (Styria), Tirol (Tyrol), Vorarlberg, Wien (Vienna) | 19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 23 cities with county rights (megyei jogu varosok, singular - megyei jogu varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros) counties: Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad-Csanad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala cities with county rights: Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Erd, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Salgotarjan, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szekszard, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg capital city: Budapest |
| Independence | no official date of independence: 976 (Margravate of Austria established); 17 September 1156 (Duchy of Austria founded); 6 January 1453 (Archduchy of Austria acknowledged); 11 August 1804 (Austrian Empire proclaimed); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established); 12 November 1918 (First Republic proclaimed); 27 April 1945 (Second Republic proclaimed) | 16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established) |
| National holiday | National Day (commemorates passage of the law on permanent neutrality), 26 October (1955) | Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August (1083); note - commemorates his canonization and the transfer of his remains to Buda (now Budapest) in 1083 |
| Constitution | history: several previous; latest adopted 1 October 1920, revised 1929, replaced May 1934, replaced by German Weimar constitution in 1938 following German annexation, reinstated 1 May 1945 amendments: proposed through laws designated "constitutional laws" or through the constitutional process if the amendment is part of another law; approval required by at least a two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly and the presence of one half of the members; a referendum is required only if requested by one third of the National Council or Federal Council membership; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended many times, last in 2020 | history: previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following the collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012 amendments: proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by parliamentary committee, or by Parliament members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament members and approval by the president; amended several times, last in 2018 |
| Legal system | civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Court | civil legal system influenced by the German model |
| Suffrage | 16 years of age; universal | 18 years of age, 16 if married and marriage is registered in Hungary; universal |
| Executive branch | chief of state: President Alexander VAN DER BELLEN (since 26 January 2017) head of government: Sebastian KURZ elected chancellor (since 2 January 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on 24 April 2016 (first round), 22 May 2016 (second round, which was annulled), and 4 December 2016 (second round re-vote) (next election to be held in April 2022); chancellor appointed by the president but determined by the majority coalition parties in the Federal Assembly; vice chancellor appointed by the president on the advice of the chancellor election results: Alexander VAN DER BELLEN elected in second round; percent of vote in first round - Norbert HOFER (FPOe) 35.1%, Alexander VAN DER BELLEN (independent, allied with the Greens) 21.3%, Irmgard GRISS (independent) 18.9%, Rudolf HUNDSTORFER (SPOe) 11.3%, Andreas KHOL (OeVP) 11.1%, Richard LUGNER (independent) 2.3%; percent of vote in second round - Alexander VAN DER BELLEN 53.8%, Norbert HOFER 46.2% | chief of state: President Janos ADER (since 10 May 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 March 2017 (next to be held spring 2022); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held on 10 May 2018 (next to be held by spring 2022) election results: Janos ADER (Fidesz) reelected president; National Assembly vote - 131 to 39; Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) reelected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 134 to 28 |
| Legislative branch | description: bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of: Federal Council or Bundesrat (61 seats; members appointed by state parliaments with each state receiving 3 to 12 seats in proportion to its population; members serve 5- or 6-year terms) National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms) (e.g. 2019) elections: Federal Council - last appointed - NA National Council - last held on 29 September 2019 (next to be held in 2024); note - election was originally scheduled for 2022, but President VAN DER BELLEN called for an early election (e.g. 2019) election results: Federal Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 44, women 17, percent of women 27.9% National Council - percent of vote by party - OeVP 37.5%, SPOe 21.2%, FPOe 16.2%, The Greens 13.9%, NEOS 8.1%, other 3.1%; seats by party - OeVP 71, SPOe 40, FPOe 31, The Greens 26, NEOS 15; composition - men 115, women 68, percent of women 37.2%; note - total Federal Assembly percent of women 34.8% (e.g. 2019) | description: unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (199 seats; 106 members directly elected in single-member constituencies by simple majority vote and 93 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by party list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) elections: last held on 8 April 2018 (next to be held in April 2022) election results: percent of vote by party list - Fidesz-KDNP 49.3%, Jobbik 19.1%, MSZP-PM 11.9%, LMP 7.1%, DK 5.4%, Momentum Movement 3.1%, Together 0.7%, LdU 0.5%, other 2.9%; seats by party - Fidesz 117, Jobbik 26, KDNP 16, MSZP 15, DK 9, LMP 8, PM 5, Together 1, LdU 1, independent 1; composition - men 174, women 25, percent of women 12.6% |
| Judicial branch | highest courts: Supreme Court of Justice or Oberster Gerichtshof (consists of 85 judges organized into 17 senates or panels of 5 judges each); Constitutional Court or Verfassungsgerichtshof (consists of 20 judges including 6 substitutes; Administrative Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof - 2 judges plus other members depending on the importance of the case) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by executive branch departments and appointed by the president; judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges nominated by several executive branch departments and approved by the president; judges serve for life; Administrative Court judges recommended by executive branch departments and appointed by the president; terms of judges and members determined by the president subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal (4); Regional Courts (20); district courts (120); county courts | highest courts: Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of the president, vice president, department heads, and approximately 91 judges and is organized into civil, criminal, and administrative-labor departments; Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president) judge selection and term of office: Curia president elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, a separate 15-member administrative body; judge tenure based on interim evaluations until normal retirement at age 62; Constitutional Court judges, including the president of the court, elected by the National Assembly; court vice president elected by the court itself; members serve 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 62 subordinate courts: 5 regional courts of appeal; 19 regional or county courts (including Budapest Metropolitan Court); 20 administrative-labor courts; 111 district or local courts |
| Political parties and leaders | Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Sebastian KURZ] Communist Party of Austria or KPOe [Mirko MESSNER] Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Herbert KICKI] The Greens [Werner KOGLER] NEOS - The New Austria [Beate MEINL-REISINGER] NOW-Pilz List (JETZT-Liste Pilz) or PILZ [Maria STERN] Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Pamela RENDI-WAGNER] | Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN] Democratic Coalition or DK [Ferenc GYURCSANY] Dialogue for Hungary (Parbeszed) or PM [Gergely KARACSONY, Timea SZABO] Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN] Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Bertalan TOTH] Momentum Movement (Momentum Mozgalom) [Andras FEKETE-GYOR] Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Tamas SNEIDER] National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary or LdU [Olivia SCHUBERT] Politics Can Be Different or LMP [Marta DEMETER, Laszlo LORANT-KERESZTES] Together (Egyutt) |
| International organization participation | ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC | Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Martin WEISS (since 6 January 2020) chancery: 3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035 telephone: [1] (202) 895-6700 FAX: [1] (202) 895-6750 email address and website: washington-ka@bmeia.gv.at https://www.austria.org/ consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York, Washington consulate(s): Chicago | chief of mission: Ambassador Szabolcs Ferenc TAKACS (since 23 December 2020) chancery: 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 362-6730 FAX: [1] (202) 966-8135 email address and website: info@mfa.gov.hu https://washington.mfa.gov.hu/eng consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant), Mario MESQUITA (since 12 July 2021) embassy: Boltzmanngasse 16, 1090, Vienna mailing address: 9900 Vienna Place, Washington DC 20521-9900 telephone: [43] (1) 31339-0 FAX: [43] (1) 310-06-82 email address and website: ConsulateVienna@state.gov https://at.usembassy.gov/ | chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marc DILLARD (since 30 October 2020) embassy: Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest mailing address: 5270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270 telephone: [36] (1) 475-4400 FAX: [36] (1) 475-4248 email address and website: acs.budapest@state.gov https://hu.usembassy.gov/ |
| Flag description | three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red; the flag design is certainly one of the oldest - if not the oldest - national banners in the world; according to tradition, in 1191, following a fierce battle in the Third Crusade, Duke Leopold V of Austria's white tunic became completely blood-spattered; upon removal of his wide belt or sash, a white band was revealed; the red-white-red color combination was subsequently adopted as his banner | three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country |
| National anthem | name: "Bundeshymne" (Federal Hymn) lyrics/music: Paula von PRERADOVIC/Wolfgang Amadeus MOZART or Johann HOLZER (disputed) note: adopted 1947; the anthem is also known as "Land der Berge, Land am Strome" (Land of the Mountains, Land by the River); Austria adopted a new national anthem after World War II to replace the former imperial anthem composed by Franz Josef HAYDN, which had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and was thereafter associated with the Nazi regime; a gendered version of the lyrics was adopted by the Austrian Federal Assembly in fall 2011 and became effective 1 January 2012 | name: "Himnusz" (Hymn) lyrics/music: Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL note: adopted 1844 |
| International law organization participation | accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction | accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICC jurisdiction |
| National symbol(s) | eagle, edelweiss, Alpine gentian; national colors: red, white | Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); national colors: red, white, green |
| Citizenship | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Austria dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Hungary dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years |
Economy
| Austria | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Economy - overview | Austria is a well-developed market economy with skilled labor force and high standard of living. It is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's, but also the US', its third-largest trade partner. Its economy features a large service sector, a sound industrial sector, and a small, but highly developed agricultural sector. Austrian economic growth strengthen in 2017, with a 2.9% increase in GDP. Austrian exports, accounting for around 60% of the GDP, were up 8.2% in 2017. Austria's unemployment rate fell by 0.3% to 5.5%, which is low by European standards, but still at its second highest rate since the end of World War II, driven by an increased number of refugees and EU migrants entering the labor market. Austria's fiscal position compares favorably with other euro-zone countries. The budget deficit stood at a low 0.7% of GDP in 2017 and public debt declined again to 78.4% of GDP in 2017, after reaching a post-war high 84.6% in 2015. The Austrian government has announced it plans to balance the fiscal budget in 2019. Several external risks, such as Austrian banks' exposure to Central and Eastern Europe, the refugee crisis, and continued unrest in Russia/Ukraine, eased in 2017, but are still a factor for the Austrian economy. Exposure to the Russian banking sector and a deep energy relationship with Russia present additional risks. Austria elected a new pro-business government in October 2017 that campaigned on promises to reduce bureaucracy, improve public sector efficiency, reduce labor market protections, and provide positive investment incentives. | Hungary has transitioned from a centrally planned to a market-driven economy with a per capita income approximately two thirds of the EU-28 average; however, in recent years the government has become more involved in managing the economy. Budapest has implemented unorthodox economic policies to boost household consumption and has relied on EU-funded development projects to generate growth.
Following the fall of communism in 1990, Hungary experienced a drop-off in exports and financial assistance from the former Soviet Union. Hungary embarked on a series of economic reforms, including privatization of state-owned enterprises and reduction of social spending programs, to shift from a centrally planned to a market-driven economy, and to reorient its economy towards trade with the West. These efforts helped to spur growth, attract investment, and reduce Hungary's debt burden and fiscal deficits. Despite these reforms, living conditions for the average Hungarian initially deteriorated as inflation increased and unemployment reached double digits. Conditions slowly improved over the 1990s as the reforms came to fruition and export growth accelerated. Economic policies instituted during that decade helped position Hungary to join the European Union in 2004. Hungary has not yet joined the euro-zone. Hungary suffered a historic economic contraction as a result of the global economic slowdown in 2008-09 as export demand and domestic consumption dropped, prompting it to take an IMF-EU financial assistance package.
Since 2010, the government has backpedaled on many economic reforms and taken a more populist approach towards economic management. The government has favored national industries and government-linked businesses through legislation, regulation, and public procurements. In 2011 and 2014, Hungary nationalized private pension funds, which squeezed financial service providers out of the system, but also helped Hungary curb its public debt and lower its budget deficit to below 3% of GDP, as subsequent pension contributions have been channeled into the state-managed pension fund. Hungary's public debt (at 74.5% of GDP) is still high compared to EU peers in Central Europe. Real GDP growth has been robust in the past few years due to increased EU funding, higher EU demand for Hungarian exports, and a rebound in domestic household consumption. To further boost household consumption ahead of the 2018 election, the government embarked on a six-year phased increase to minimum wages and public sector salaries, decreased taxes on foodstuffs and services, cut the personal income tax from 16% to 15%, and implemented a uniform 9% business tax for small and medium-sized enterprises and large companies. Real GDP growth slowed in 2016 due to a cyclical decrease in EU funding, but increased to 3.8% in 2017 as the government pre-financed EU funded projects ahead of the 2018 election.
Systemic economic challenges include pervasive corruption, labor shortages driven by demographic declines and migration, widespread poverty in rural areas, vulnerabilities to changes in demand for exports, and a heavy reliance on Russian energy imports. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity) | $498.78 billion (2019 est.) $491.803 billion (2018 est.) $479.433 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars | $321.869 billion (2019 est.) $307.778 billion (2018 est.) $291.995 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars |
| GDP - real growth rate | 1.42% (2019 est.) 2.58% (2018 est.) 2.4% (2017 est.) | 4.58% (2019 est.) 5.44% (2018 est.) 4.45% (2017 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP) | $56,188 (2019 est.) $55,631 (2018 est.) $54,496 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars | $32,945 (2019 est.) $31,485 (2018 est.) $29,832 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 1.3% (2017 est.) industry: 28.4% (2017 est.) services: 70.3% (2017 est.) | agriculture: 3.9% (2017 est.) industry: 31.3% (2017 est.) services: 64.8% (2017 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | 13.3% (2018 est.) | 12.3% (2018 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 23.5% (2012 est.) | lowest 10%: 3.3% highest 10%: 22.4% (2015) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 1.5% (2019 est.) 2% (2018 est.) 2% (2017 est.) | 3.3% (2019 est.) 2.8% (2018 est.) 2.3% (2017 est.) |
| Labor force | 3.739 million (2020 est.) | 4.414 million (2020 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture: 0.7% industry: 25.2% services: 74.1% (2017 est.) | agriculture: 4.9% industry: 30.3% services: 64.5% (2015 est.) |
| Unemployment rate | 7.35% (2019 est.) 7.7% (2018 est.) | 3.45% (2019 est.) 3.71% (2018 est.) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 29.7 (2017 est.) 30.5 (2014) | 30.6 (2017 est.) 28.6 (2014) |
| Budget | revenues: 201.7 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 204.6 billion (2017 est.) | revenues: 61.98 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 64.7 billion (2017 est.) |
| Industries | construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals, chemicals, lumber and paper, electronics, tourism | mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles |
| Industrial production growth rate | 6.5% (2017 est.) | 7.4% (2017 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | milk, maize, sugar beet, wheat, barley, potatoes, pork, triticale, grapes, apples | maize, wheat, milk, sunflower seed, barley, rapeseed, sugar beet, apples, pork, grapes |
| Exports | $270.888 billion (2019 est.) $263.145 billion (2018 est.) $249.312 billion (2017 est.) | $167.99 billion (2019 est.) $158.802 billion (2018 est.) $151.185 billion (2017 est.) |
| Exports - commodities | cars, packaged medical supplies, vehicle parts, medical vaccines/cultures, flavored water (2019) | cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, spark-ignition engines, video displays, broadcasting equipment (2019) |
| Exports - partners | Germany 28%, United States 7%, Italy 6%, Switzerland 5% (2019) | Germany 27%, Romania 5%, Italy 5%, Slovakia 5% (2019) |
| Imports | $253.276 billion (2019 est.) $247.225 billion (2018 est.) $235.385 billion (2017 est.) | $159.63 billion (2019 est.) $148.471 billion (2018 est.) $138.773 billion (2017 est.) |
| Imports - commodities | cars, vehicle parts, broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum, packaged medical supplies (2019) | cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, crude petroleum (2019) |
| Imports - partners | Germany 39%, Italy 7%, Czechia 5% (2019) | Germany 25%, China 6%, Poland 6%, Austria 6%, Czechia 5%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019) |
| Debt - external | $688.434 billion (2019 est.) $686.196 billion (2018 est.) | $123.256 billion (2019 est.) $125.29 billion (2018 est.) |
| Exchange rates | euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.82771 (2020 est.) 0.90338 (2019 est.) 0.87789 (2018 est.) 0.885 (2014 est.) 0.7634 (2013 est.) | forints (HUF) per US dollar - 295.3276 (2020 est.) 299.4939 (2019 est.) 283.5923 (2018 est.) 279.33 (2014 est.) 232.6 (2013 est.) |
| Fiscal year | calendar year | calendar year |
| Public debt | 78.6% of GDP (2017 est.) 83.6% of GDP (2016 est.) note: this is general government gross debt, defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year; it covers the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; as a percentage of GDP, the GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product in current year prices | 73.6% of GDP (2017 est.) 76% of GDP (2016 est.) note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and national, state, and local government and social security funds. |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | $21.57 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $23.36 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $28 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $25.82 billion (31 December 2016 est.) |
| Current Account Balance | $12.667 billion (2019 est.) $5.989 billion (2018 est.) | -$392 million (2019 est.) $510 million (2018 est.) |
| GDP (official exchange rate) | $445.025 billion (2019 est.) | $163.251 billion (2019 est.) |
| Credit ratings | Fitch rating: AA+ (2015) Moody's rating: Aa1 (2016) Standard & Poors rating: AA+ (2012) | Fitch rating: BBB (2019) Moody's rating: Baa3 (2016) Standard & Poors rating: BBB (2019) |
| Ease of Doing Business Index scores | Overall score: 78.7 (2020) Starting a Business score: 83.2 (2020) Trading score: 100 (2020) Enforcement score: 75.5 (2020) | Overall score: 73.4 (2020) Starting a Business score: 88.2 (2020) Trading score: 100 (2020) Enforcement score: 71 (2020) |
| Taxes and other revenues | 48.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | 44.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
| Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) | -0.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | -2% (of GDP) (2017 est.) note: Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012, the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, recognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the Hungarian deficit increased above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening |
| Unemployment, youth ages 15-24 | total: 8.5% male: 9.2% female: 7.8% (2019 est.) | total: 11.4% male: 11.9% female: 10.6% (2019 est.) |
| GDP - composition, by end use | household consumption: 52.1% (2017 est.) government consumption: 19.5% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 23.5% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 1.6% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 54.2% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -50.7% (2017 est.) | household consumption: 49.6% (2017 est.) government consumption: 20% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 21.6% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 1% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 90.2% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -82.4% (2017 est.) |
| Gross national saving | 28.5% of GDP (2019 est.) 26.9% of GDP (2018 est.) 26.3% of GDP (2017 est.) | 27.8% of GDP (2019 est.) 26.9% of GDP (2018 est.) 24.8% of GDP (2017 est.) |
Energy
| Austria | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Electricity - production | 60.78 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 30.22 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - consumption | 64.6 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 39.37 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - exports | 19.21 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 5.24 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - imports | 26.37 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 17.95 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Oil - production | 13,000 bbl/day (2018 est.) | 16,000 bbl/day (2018 est.) |
| Oil - imports | 146,600 bbl/day (2017 est.) | 121,000 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Oil - exports | 0 bbl/day (2017 est.) | 2,713 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Oil - proved reserves | 41.2 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.) | 24 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves | 6.513 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.) | 6.598 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Natural gas - production | 1.274 billion cu m (2017 est.) | 1.812 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption | 9.486 billion cu m (2017 est.) | 10.39 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports | 5.437 billion cu m (2017 est.) | 3.52 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports | 14.02 billion cu m (2017 est.) | 13.37 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - installed generating capacity | 24.79 million kW (2016 est.) | 8.639 million kW (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from fossil fuels | 25% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) | 64% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from hydroelectric plants | 43% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from nuclear fuels | 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 22% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from other renewable sources | 31% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 13% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - production | 186,500 bbl/day (2017 est.) | 152,400 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - consumption | 268,000 bbl/day (2017 est.) | 167,700 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - exports | 49,960 bbl/day (2017 est.) | 58,720 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - imports | 135,500 bbl/day (2017 est.) | 82,110 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Electricity access | electrification - total population: 100% (2020) | electrification - total population: 100% (2020) |
Telecommunications
| Austria | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Telephones - main lines in use | total subscriptions: 3,722,128 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 42.17 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 3,048,754 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31.16 (2019 est.) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | total subscriptions: 10.726 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 121.53 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 10,272,694 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2019 est.) |
| Internet country code | .at | .hu |
| Internet users | total: 7,712,665 percent of population: 87.71% (July 2018 est.) | total: 7,474,413 percent of population: 76.07% (July 2018 est.) |
| Telecommunication systems | general assessment: mature telecom market benefitting from effective competition; government and regulator are focused on improving telecom infrastructure; program to provide a national gigabit service by 2030 based on 5G networks; fixed-line broadband market is dominated by DSL sector, while cable broadband enjoys steady share of connections; fiber penetration remains low pending build out network infrastructure; EU-funded projects develop infrastructure to enable an 'Internet of Services; Vienna is a smart city; importer of broadcasting equipment from Vietnam and China (2021) (2020)domestic: developed and efficient; 41 per 100 fixed-line for households, 174 per 100 for companies; 120 per 100 mobile-cellular; broadband: 138 per 100 on smartphones; 62 per 100 fixed broadband, 54 per 100 mobile broadband (2019) international: country code - 43; earth stations available in the Astra, Intelsat, Eutelsat satellite systems (2019) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments | general assessment: Hungary benefits from a well-developed telecom infrastructure, with adoption of 5G and upgrade of fixed networks to 1Gb/s service; fixed-line subscribership fell as subscribers migrated to mobile for voice and data; effective infrastructure-based competition, with an extensive cable network competing against DSL and expanding fiber sector; high mobile penetration and highest fixed broadband penetration rate in Eastern Europe; government supports private partnership in smart agriculture applications; as part of EU, fully liberalized and open to investment; broadcasting equipment is one of the country's top five imports, plus mobile phones, from China (2021) (2020) domestic: competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones, and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections, 31 per 100 persons, while mobile-cellular is 106 per 100 (2019) international: country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 (very small aperture terminal) VSAT system of ground terminals note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments |
| Broadband - fixed subscriptions | total: 2.519 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 28.54 (2019 est.) | total: 3,189,689 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32.6 (2019 est.) |
| Broadcast media | worldwide cable and satellite TV are available; the public incumbent ORF competes with three other major, several regional domestic, and up to 400 international TV stations; TV coverage is in principle 100%, but only 90% use broadcast media; Internet streaming not only complements, but increasingly replaces regular TV stations (2019) | mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 5 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 4 state-supported public-service radio networks; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition completed at the end of 2013; government-linked businesses have greatly consolidated ownership in broadcast and print media |
Transportation
| Austria | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Railways | total: 5,800 km (2017) standard gauge: 5,300 km 1.435-m gauge (3,826 km electrified) (2016) | total: 8,049 km (2014) standard gauge: 7,794 km 1.435-m gauge (2,889 km electrified) (2014) narrow gauge: 219 km 0.760-m gauge (2014) broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge (2014) |
| Roadways | total: 137,039 km (2018) paved: 137,039 km (includes 2,232 km of expressways) (2018) | total: 203,601 km (2014) paved: 77,087 km (includes 1,582 km of expressways) (2014) unpaved: 126,514 km (2014) |
| Waterways | 358 km (2011) | 1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2011) |
| Pipelines | 1888 km gas, 594 km oil, 157 km refined products (2017) | 5874 km gas (high-pressure transmission system), 83732 km gas (low-pressure distribution network), 850 km oil, 1200 km refined products (2016) |
| Ports and terminals | river port(s): Enns, Krems, Linz, Vienna (Danube) | river port(s): Baja, Csepel (Budapest), Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Mohacs (Danube) |
| Airports | total: 50 (2020) | total: 41 (2013) |
| Airports - with paved runways | total: 24 (2017) over 3,047 m: 1 (2017) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 (2017) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2017) 914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2017) under 914 m: 13 (2017) | total: 20 (2017) over 3,047 m: 2 (2017) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 (2017) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 (2017) 914 to 1,523 m: 5 (2017) under 914 m: 1 (2017) |
| Airports - with unpaved runways | total: 28 (2013) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2013) under 914 m: 24 (2013) | total: 21 (2013) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 8 (2013) under 914 m: 11 (2013) |
| Heliports | 1 (2013) | 3 (2013) |
| National air transport system | number of registered air carriers: 11 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 130 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 12,935,505 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 373.51 million mt-km (2018) | number of registered air carriers: 5 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 145 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 31,226,848 (2018) |
| Civil aircraft registration country code prefix | OE | HA |
Military
| Austria | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Military branches | Austrian Armed Forces: Land Forces, Air Forces, Cyber Forces, Special Forces (2021) | Hungarian Defense Forces: Land Forces (Army); Air Forces (note - both the air and land components are subordinate to a Joint Forces Combat Command); Logistics Center; Preparation and Training Command (2020) note: the Hungarian Defense Forces are organized into a joint force structure with ground, air, and logistic components |
| Military service age and obligation | registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service (6 months), or optionally, alternative civil/community service (9 months); males 18 to 50 years old in the militia or inactive reserve are subject to compulsory service; in a January 2012 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system (2015) | 18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 2005); 6-month service obligation (2019) |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | 0.7% of GDP (2020 est.) 0.7% of GDP (2019) 0.7% of GDP (2018) 0.8% of GDP (2017) 0.7% of GDP (2016) | 1.85% of GDP (2020 est.) 1.25% of GDP (2019) 1.01% of GDP (2018) 1.19% of GDP (2017) 1% of GDP (2016) |
| Military and security service personnel strengths | the Austrian Armed Forces have approximately 23,000 total active duty personnel (13,000 Land Forces; 2,500 Air Force; 7,500 other, support forces) (2021) | the Hungarian Defense Forces have approximately 25,000 active duty troops (20,000 Army; 5,000 Air Force) (2020) |
| Military equipment inventories and acquisitions | the Austrian military's inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons systems from European countries and the US; since 2010, Germany and Italy are the leading suppliers of armaments to Austria; the Austrian defense industry produces a range of equipment and partners with other countries (2020) | the inventory of the Hungarian Defense Forces consists largely of Soviet-era weapons, with a smaller mix of more modern European and US equipment; since 2010, Hungary has received limited quantities of equipment from several European countries and the US (2020) |
| Military deployments | 300 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 320 Kosovo (NATO); 180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (March 2021) | 160 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 150 Iraq (counter-ISIS coalition); 430 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2021) |
Transnational Issues
| Austria | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Disputes - international | none | bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules |
| Illicit drugs | transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; increasing consumption of European-produced synthetic drugs | transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons | refugees (country of origin): 51,955 (Syria), 37,276 (Afghanistan), 8,664 (Russia), 8,568 (Iraq), 7,636 (Somalia), 6,393 (Iran) (2019) stateless persons: 3,267 (2020) | refugees (country of origin): 5,950 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015) stateless persons: 145 (2020) note: 432,744 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2018); Hungary is predominantly a transit country and hosts 137 migrants and asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018; 1,626 migrant arrivals in 2017 |
Environment
| Austria | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Air pollutants | particulate matter emissions: 12.43 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 61.45 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 6.34 megatons (2020 est.) | particulate matter emissions: 15.62 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 45.54 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 7.25 megatons (2020 est.) |
| Total water withdrawal | municipal: 720 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 2.695 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 77.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.) | municipal: 624.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 3.358 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 518.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.) |
| Revenue from forest resources | forest revenues: 0.07% of GDP (2018 est.) | forest revenues: 0.1% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Revenue from coal | coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.) | coal revenues: 0.01% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Waste and recycling | municipal solid waste generated annually: 4.836 million tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 1,240,918 tons (2015 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 25.7% (2015 est.) | municipal solid waste generated annually: 3.712 million tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 962,893 tons (2015 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 25.9% (2015 est.) |
Source: CIA Factbook
