Bosnia and Herzegovina vs. Croatia
Introduction
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Background | Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the predominantly Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the predominantly Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called "Bonn Powers." An original NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops assembled in 1995 was succeeded over time by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently, EUFOR deploys around 600 troops in theater in a security assistance and training capacity. | The lands that today comprise Croatia were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the close of World War I. In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became a federal independent communist state consisting of six socialist republics under the strong hand of Marshal Josip Broz, aka TITO. Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, it took four years of sporadic, but often bitter, fighting before occupying Yugoslav forces, dominated by Serb officers, were mostly cleared from Croatian lands, along with a majority of Croatia's ethnic Serb population. Under UN supervision, the last Serb-held enclave in eastern Slavonia was returned to Croatia in 1998. The country joined NATO in April 2009 and the EU in July 2013. |
Geography
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Location | Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia | Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia |
| Geographic coordinates | 44 00 N, 18 00 E | 45 10 N, 15 30 E |
| Map references | Europe | Europe |
| Area | total: 51,197 sq km land: 51,187 sq km water: 10 sq km | total: 56,594 sq km land: 55,974 sq km water: 620 sq km |
| Area - comparative | slightly smaller than West Virginia | slightly smaller than West Virginia |
| Land boundaries | total: 1,543 km border countries (3): Croatia 956 km, Montenegro 242 km, Serbia 345 km | total: 2,237 km border countries (5): Bosnia and Herzegovina 956 km, Hungary 348 km, Montenegro 19 km, Serbia 314 km, Slovenia 600 km |
| Coastline | 20 km | 5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km) |
| Maritime claims | NA | territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation |
| Climate | hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast | Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast |
| Terrain | mountains and valleys | geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands |
| Elevation extremes | highest point: Maglic 2,386 m lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m mean elevation: 500 m | highest point: Dinara 1,831 m lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m mean elevation: 331 m |
| Natural resources | coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower | oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, gypsum, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower |
| Land use | agricultural land: 42.2% (2018 est.) arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.) forest: 42.8% (2018 est.) other: 15% (2018 est.) | agricultural land: 23.7% (2018 est.) arable land: 16% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.) forest: 34.4% (2018 est.) other: 41.9% (2018 est.) |
| Irrigated land | 30 sq km (2012) | 240 sq km (2012) |
| Natural hazards | destructive earthquakes | destructive earthquakes |
| Environment - current issues | air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; land mines left over from the 1992-95 civil strife are a hazard in some areas | air pollution improving but still a concern in urban settings and in emissions arriving from neighboring countries; surface water pollution in the Danube River Basin |
| Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
| Geography - note | within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east | controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits; most Adriatic Sea islands lie off the coast of Croatia - some 1,200 islands, islets, ridges, and rocks |
| Total renewable water resources | 37.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) | 105.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) |
| Population distribution | the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated | more of the population lives in the northern half of the country, with approximately a quarter of the populace residing in and around the capital of Zagreb; many of the islands are sparsely populated |
Demographics
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 3,824,782 (July 2021 est.) | 4,208,973 (July 2021 est.) |
| Age structure | 0-14 years: 13.18% (male 261,430/female 244,242) 15-24 years: 10.83% (male 214,319/female 201,214) 25-54 years: 44.52% (male 859,509/female 848,071) 55-64 years: 15.24% (male 284,415/female 300,168) 65 years and over: 16.22% (male 249,624/female 372,594) (2020 est.) | 0-14 years: 14.16% (male 308,668/female 289,996) 15-24 years: 10.76% (male 233,602/female 221,495) 25-54 years: 39.77% (male 841,930/female 839,601) 55-64 years: 14.24% (male 290,982/female 310,969) 65 years and over: 21.06% (male 364,076/female 526,427) (2020 est.) |
| Median age | total: 43.3 years male: 41.6 years female: 44.8 years (2020 est.) | total: 43.9 years male: 42 years female: 45.9 years (2020 est.) |
| Population growth rate | -0.21% (2021 est.) | -0.48% (2021 est.) |
| Birth rate | 8.5 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 8.68 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Death rate | 10.25 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 12.78 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Net migration rate | -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) | -0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Sex ratio | at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2020 est.) | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2020 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate | total: 5.32 deaths/1,000 live births male: 5.44 deaths/1,000 live births female: 5.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) | total: 8.91 deaths/1,000 live births male: 8.67 deaths/1,000 live births female: 9.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population: 77.74 years male: 74.76 years female: 80.93 years (2021 est.) | total population: 76.97 years male: 73.83 years female: 80.3 years (2021 est.) |
| Total fertility rate | 1.35 children born/woman (2021 est.) | 1.44 children born/woman (2021 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate | <.1% (2018) | <.1% (2020 est.) |
| Nationality | noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s) adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian | noun: Croat(s), Croatian(s) adjective: Croatian note: the French designation of "Croate" to Croatian mercenaries in the 17th century eventually became "Cravate" and later came to be applied to the soldiers' scarves - the cravat; Croatia celebrates Cravat Day every 18 October |
| Ethnic groups | Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1% (2013 est.) note: Republika Srpska authorities dispute the methodology and refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam | Croat 90.4%, Serb 4.4%, other 4.4% (including Bosniak, Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Romani), unspecified 0.8% (2011 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | <500 (2018) | 1,700 (2020 est.) note: estimate does not include children |
| Religions | Muslim 50.7%, Orthodox 30.7%, Roman Catholic 15.2%, atheist 0.8%, agnostic 0.3%, other 1.2%, undeclared/no answer 1.1% (2013 est.) | Roman Catholic 86.3%, Orthodox 4.4%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.5%, not religious or atheist 3.8% (2011 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths | <100 (2018) | <100 (2020 est.) note: estimate does not include children |
| Languages | Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.) major-language sample(s): Knjiga svjetskih cinjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Bosnian/Montenegrin) Knjiga svetskih cinjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian) Knjiga svjetskih cinjenica, nuzan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Croatian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. | Croatian (official) 95.6%, Serbian 1.2%, other 3% (including Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and Albanian), unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.) major-language sample(s): Knjiga svjetskih cinjenica, nuzan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Croatian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. |
| Literacy | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98.5% male: 99.5% female: 97.5% (2015) | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.3% male: 99.7% female: 98.9% (2015) |
| School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) | total: 14 years male: 14 years female: 15 years (2014) | total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 16 years (2018) |
| Education expenditures | NA | 3.9% of GDP (2017) |
| Urbanization | urban population: 49.4% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) | urban population: 57.9% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) |
| Drinking water source | improved: urban: 99.9% of population rural: 100% of population total: 99.9% of population unimproved: urban: 0.1% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0.1% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2017 est.) |
| Sanitation facility access | improved: urban: 98.9% of population rural: 92.1% of population total: 95.4% of population unimproved: urban: 1.1% of population rural: 7.9% of population total: 4.5% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 99.5% of population rural: 98.4% of population total: 99% of population unimproved: urban: 0.5% of population rural: 1.6% of population total: 1% of population (2017 est.) |
| Major cities - population | 344,000 SARAJEVO (capital) (2021) | 685,000 ZAGREB (capital) (2021) |
| Maternal mortality rate | 10 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) | 8 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) |
| Health expenditures | 8.9% (2018) | 6.8% (2018) |
| Physicians density | 2.16 physicians/1,000 population (2015) | 3 physicians/1,000 population (2016) |
| Hospital bed density | 3.5 beds/1,000 population (2014) | 5.5 beds/1,000 population (2017) |
| Obesity - adult prevalence rate | 17.9% (2016) | 24.4% (2016) |
| Mother's mean age at first birth | 27.7 years (2019 est.) | 28.9 years (2019 est.) |
| Dependency ratios | total dependency ratio: 48 youth dependency ratio: 21.5 elderly dependency ratio: 26.5 potential support ratio: 3.8 (2020 est.) | total dependency ratio: 55.7 youth dependency ratio: 22.6 elderly dependency ratio: 33.1 potential support ratio: 3 (2020 est.) |
Government
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Country name | conventional long form: none conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina local long form: none local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina former: People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina abbreviation: BiH etymology: the larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the German word "herzog," meaning "duke," and the ending "-ovina," meaning "land," forming the combination denoting "dukedom" | conventional long form: Republic of Croatia conventional short form: Croatia local long form: Republika Hrvatska local short form: Hrvatska former: People's Republic of Croatia, Socialist Republic of Croatia etymology: name derives from the Croats, a Slavic tribe who migrated to the Balkans in the 7th century A.D. |
| Government type | parliamentary republic | parliamentary republic |
| Capital | name: Sarajevo geographic coordinates: 43 52 N, 18 25 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the name derives from the Turkish noun "saray," meaning "palace" or "mansion," and the term "ova," signifying "plain(s)," to give a meaning of "palace plains" or "the plains about the palace" | name: Zagreb geographic coordinates: 45 48 N, 16 00 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the name seems to be related to "digging"; archeologists suggest that the original settlement was established beyond a water-filled hole or "graba" and that the name derives from this; "za" in Slavic means "beyond"; the overall meaning may be "beyond the trench (fault, channel, ditch)" |
| Administrative divisions | 3 first-order administrative divisions - Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt) (ethnically mixed), Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat), Republika Srpska (predominantly Serb) | 20 counties (zupanije, zupanija - singular) and 1 city* (grad - singular) with special county status; Bjelovarsko-Bilogorska (Bjelovar-Bilogora), Brodsko-Posavska (Brod-Posavina), Dubrovacko-Neretvanska (Dubrovnik-Neretva), Istarska (Istria), Karlovacka (Karlovac), Koprivnicko-Krizevacka (Koprivnica-Krizevci), Krapinsko-Zagorska (Krapina-Zagorje), Licko-Senjska (Lika-Senj), Medimurska (Medimurje), Osjecko-Baranjska (Osijek-Baranja), Pozesko-Slavonska (Pozega-Slavonia), Primorsko-Goranska (Primorje-Gorski Kotar), Sibensko-Kninska (Sibenik-Knin), Sisacko-Moslavacka (Sisak-Moslavina), Splitsko-Dalmatinska (Split-Dalmatia), Varazdinska (Varazdin), Viroviticko-Podravska (Virovitica-Podravina), Vukovarsko-Srijemska (Vukovar-Syrmia), Zadarska (Zadar), Zagreb*, Zagrebacka (Zagreb county) |
| Independence | 1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia); note - referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992 | 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia); note - 25 June 1991 was the day the Croatian parliament voted for independence; following a three-month moratorium to allow the European Community to solve the Yugoslav crisis peacefully, parliament adopted a decision on 8 October 1991 to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia; notable earlier dates: ca. 925 (Kingdom of Croatia established); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) established) |
| National holiday | Independence Day, 1 March (1992) and Statehood Day, 25 November (1943) - both observed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity; Victory Day, 9 May (1945) and Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (1995) - both observed in the Republika Srpska entity note: there is no national-level holiday | Statehood Day (National Day), 30 May (1990); note - marks the day in 1990 that the first modern multi-party Croatian parliament convened |
| Constitution | history: 14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); note - each of the political entities has its own constitution amendments: decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009 | history: several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1990 amendments: proposed by at least one fifth of the Assembly membership, by the president of the republic, by the Government of Croatia, or through petition by at least 10% of the total electorate; proceedings to amend require majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; passage by petition requires a majority vote in a referendum and promulgation by the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2014 (2021) |
| Legal system | civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts | civil law system influenced by legal heritage of Austria-Hungary; note - Croatian law was fully harmonized with the European Community acquis as of the June 2010 completion of EU accession negotiations |
| Suffrage | 18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal | 18 years of age; universal |
| Executive branch | chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency Zeljko KOMSIC (chairman since 20 July 2021; presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat); Sefik DZAFEROVIC (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Bosniak seat); Milorad DODIK (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Serb seat) head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Zoran TEGELTIJA (since 5 December 2019) cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman, approved by the state-level House of Representatives elections/appointments: 3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months with the new member of the presidency elected with the highest number of votes starting the new mandate as chair; election last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives election results: percent of vote - Milorad DODIK (SNSD) 53.9% - Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 52.6% - Croat seat; Sefik DZAFEROVIC (SDA) 36.6% - Bosniak seat note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Marinko CAVARA (since 11 February 2015); Vice Presidents Melika MAHMUTBEGOVIC (since 11 February 2015), Milan DUNOVIC (since 11 February 2015); President of the Republika Srpska Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (since 18 November 2018); Vice Presidents Ramiz SALKIC (since 24 November 2014), Josip JERKOVIC (since 24 November 2014) | chief of state: President Zoran MILANOVIC (since 18 February 2020) head of government: Prime Minister Andrej PLENKOVIC (since 19 October 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Damir KRSTICEVIC (since 19 October 2016), Predrag STROMAR (since 9 June 2017), Marija Pejcinovic BURIC (since 19 June 2017), and Tomislav TOLUSIC (since 25 May 2018) cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and approved by the Assembly elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 December 2019 with a runoff on 5 January 2020 (next to be held in 2024); the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president and approved by the Assembly election results: Zoran MILANOVIC elected president in second round; percent of vote - Zoran MILANOVIC (SDP) 52.7%, Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (HDZ) 47.3% |
| Legislative branch | description: bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of: House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members designated by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's House of Peoples and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve 4-year terms) House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats to include 28 seats allocated to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 to the Republika Srpska; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature that consists of the House of Peoples (58 seats - 17 Bosniak, 17 Croat, 17 Serb, 7 other) and the House of Representatives (98 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); Republika Srpska's unicameral legislature is the National Assembly (83 directly elected delegates serve 4-year terms) elections: House of Peoples - last held on 18 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022) House of Representatives - last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022) election results: House of Peoples - percent of vote by coalition/party - NA; seats by coalition/party - NA; composition - men 13, women 2, percent of women 13.3% House of Representatives - percent of vote by coalition/party - SDA 17%, SNSD 16%, SDS/NDP/NS/SRS-VS 9.8%, SDP 9.1%, HDZ-BiH/HSS/HKDU/HSP-AS BiH/HDU BiH 9.1%, DF, 5.8%, PDP 5.1%, DNS 4.2%, SBB BiH 4.2%, NS/HC 2.9%, NB 2.5%, PDA 2.3%, SP 1.9%, A-SDA 1.8%, other 17.4%; seats by coalition/party - SDA 9, SNSD 6, SDP 5, HDZ-BiH/HSS/HKDU/HSP-AS BiH/HDU BiH 5, SDS/NDP/NS/SRS-VS 3, DF 3, PDP 2, SBB BiH 2, NS/HC 2, DNS 1, NB 1 PDA 1, SP 1, A-SDA 1; composition - men 33, women 9, percent of women 21.4%; note - total Parliamentary Assembly percent of women 19.3% | description: unicameral Assembly or Hrvatski Sabor (151 seats; 140 members in 10 multi-seat constituencies and 3 members in a single constituency for Croatian diaspora directly elected by proportional representation vote using the D'Hondt method with a 5% threshold; an additional 8 members elected from a nationwide constituency by simple majority by voters belonging to minorities recognized by Croatia; the Serb minority elects 3 Assembly members, the Hungarian and Italian minorities elect 1 each, the Czech and Slovak minorities elect 1 jointly, and all other minorities elect 2; all members serve 4-year terms elections: early election held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held by 2024) election results: percent of vote by coalition/party - HDZ-led coalition 37.3%, Restart coalition 24.9%, DPMS-led coalition 10.9%, MOST 7.4%, Green-Left coalition 7%, P-F-SSIP 4%, HNS-LD 1.3%, People's Party - Reformists 1%, other 6.2%; number of seats by coalition/party - HDZ-led coalition 66, Restart coalition 41, DPMS-led coalition 16, MOST 8, Green-Left coalition 7, P-F-SSIP 3, HNS-LD 1, People's Party - Reformists - 1, national minorities 8; composition - men 116, women 35, percent of women 23.2% note: seats by party as of March 2021 - HDZ 62, SDP 33, DP 9, Most 6, Croatian Sovereignists 4, We Can! 4, IDS 3, SDSS 3, HSS 2, HSLS 2, BZH 1, Center 1, FOKUS 1, GLAS 1, HDS 1, HSU 1, NL 1, Reformists 1, SSIP 1, WF 1, independent 12 |
| Judicial branch | highest courts: Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); Court of BiH (consists of 44 national judges and 7 international judges organized into 3 divisions - Administrative, Appellate, and Criminal, which includes a War Crimes Chamber) judge selection and term of office: BiH Constitutional Court judges - 4 selected by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina House of Representatives, 2 selected by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and 3 non-Bosnian judges selected by the president of the European Court of Human Rights; Court of BiH president and national judges appointed by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; Court of BiH president appointed for renewable 6-year term; other national judges appointed to serve until age 70; international judges recommended by the president of the Court of BiH and appointed by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina; international judges appointed to serve until age 70 subordinate courts: the Federation has 10 cantonal courts plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has a supreme court, 5 district courts, and a number of municipal courts | highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the court president and vice president, 25 civil department justices, and 16 criminal department justices) judge selection and term of office: president of Supreme Court nominated by the president of Croatia and elected by the Sabor for a 4-year term; other Supreme Court justices appointed by the National Judicial Council; all judges serve until age 70 subordinate courts: Administrative Court; county, municipal, and specialized courts; note - there is an 11-member Constitutional Court with jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues but is outside of the judicial system |
| Political parties and leaders | Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB BiH [Fahrudin RADONCIC] Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK] Alternative Party for Democratic Activity or A-SDA [Nermin OGRESEVIC] Croat Peasants' Party or HSS [Mario KARAMATIC] Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA] Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDU-BiH [Miro GRABOVAC-TITAN] Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC] Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [Ilija CVITANOVIC] Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starcevic or HSP-AS Bih [Karlo STARCEVIC] Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Nedeljko CUBRILOVIC] Democratic Front of DF [Zeljko KOMSIC] Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC] Independent Bloc or NB [Senad SEPIC] Movement for Democratic Action or PDA [Mirsad KUKIC] Progressive Srpska or NS [Goran DORDIC] Our Party or NS/HC [Predrag KOJOVIC] Party for Democratic Action or SDA [Bakir IZETBEGOVIC] Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Branislav BORENOVIC] People's Democratic Movement or NDP [Dragan CAVIC] Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Vukota GOVEDARICA] Serb Radical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Vojislav SESELJ] (members joined the PDP) Social Democratic Party or SDP [Nermin NIKSIC] Socialist Party or SP [Petar DOKIC] United Srpska or US [Nenad STEVANDIC] | Bloc for Croatia or BZH [Zlatko HASANBEGOVIC] Bridge of Independent Lists or Most [Bozo PETROV] Center [collective leadership] (formerly Pametno) Civic Liberal Alliance or GLAS [Ankar Mrak TARITAS] Croatian Christian Democratic Party or HDS [Goran DODIG] Croatian Conservative Party or HKS [Marijan PAVLICEK] Croatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Branimir GLAVAS] Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Andrej PLENKOVIC] Croatian Democratic Union-led coalition (includes HSLS, HDS, HDSSB) Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Kreso BELJAK] Croatian Pensioner Party or HSU [Silvano HRELJA] Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats or HNS-LD [Ivan VRDOLJAK] Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Dario HREBAK] Croatian Sovereignists coalition (includes HKS, HRAST) FOKUS [Davor NADI] Green-Left coalition (includes MOZEMO!, RF, NL) Homeland Movement or DP [Miloslav SKORO] Homeland Movement-led coalition (includes DP, Croatian Sovereignists coalition, BZH) Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Boris MILETIC] Movement for Successful Croatia or HRAST [Ladislav ILCIC] New Left or NL [Dragan MARKOVINA] Pametno [Marijana PULJAK] Pametno, FOKUS, SSIP coalition Party with a First and Last Name or SSIP [Ivan KOVACIC] People's Party - Reformists [Radimir CACIC] Restart Coalition (includes HSLS, HDS, HDSSB) Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Zlatko KOMADINA, acting leader] We Can! or MOZEMO! [collective leadership] Workers' Front or RF [collective leadership] HDZ 62, SDP 33, DP 9, Most 6, Croatian Sovereignists 4, We Can! 4, IDS 3, SDSS 3, HSS 2, HSLS 2, Block 1, Center 1, FOKUS 1, GLAS 1, HDS 1, HSU 1, New Left 1, Reformists 1, SSIP 1, Workers' Front 1, independent 12 |
| International organization participation | BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) | Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EMU, EU, FAO, G-11, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Bojan VUJIC (since 16 September 2019) chancery: 2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 337-1500 FAX: [1] (202) 337-1502 email address and website: consularaffairs@bhembassy; info@bhembassy.org http://www.bhembassy.org/index.html consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York | chief of mission: Ambassador Pjer SIMUNOVIC (since 8 September 2017) chancery: 2343 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 588-5899 FAX: [1] (202) 588-8936; [1] (202) 588-8936 email address and website: washington@mvep.hr http://us.mvep.hr/en/ consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Seattle (WA), Washington, DC consulate(s): Anchorage (AL), Houston, Kansas City (MO), New Orleans, Pittsburgh (PA) |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Eric NELSON (since 19 February 2019) embassy: 1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71000 Sarajevo mailing address: 7130 Sarajevo Place, Washington DC 20521-7130 telephone: [387] (33) 704-000 FAX: [387] (33) 659-722 email address and website: sarajevoACS@state.gov https://ba.usembassy.gov/ branch office(s): Banja Luka, Mostar | chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mark FLEMING (since May 2021) embassy: Ulica Thomasa Jeffersona 2, 10010 Zagreb mailing address: 5080 Zagreb Place, Washington DC 20521-5080 telephone: [385] (1) 661-2200 FAX: [385] (1) 661-8933 email address and website: ZagrebACS@state.gov https://hr.usembassy.gov/ |
| Flag description | a wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Brazil, Eritrea, and Vanuatu | three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia |
| National anthem | name: "Drzavna himna Bosne i Hercegovine" (The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina) lyrics/music: none officially; Dusan SESTIC and Benjamin ISOVIC/Dusan SESTIC note: music adopted 1999; lyrics proposed in 2009 and others in 2016 were not approved; a parliamentary committee launched a new initiative for lyrics in February 2018 | name: "Lijepa nasa domovino" (Our Beautiful Homeland) lyrics/music: Antun MIHANOVIC/Josip RUNJANIN note: adopted in 1972 while still part of Yugoslavia; "Lijepa nasa domovino," whose lyrics were written in 1835, served as an unofficial anthem beginning in 1891 |
| International law organization participation | has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction | has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction |
| National symbol(s) | golden lily; national colors: blue, yellow, white | red-white checkerboard; national colors: red, white, blue |
| Citizenship | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina dual citizenship recognized: yes, provided there is a bilateral agreement with the other state residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Croatia dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years |
Economy
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Economy - overview | Bosnia and Herzegovina has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles, and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. The economy is among the least competitive in the region. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, control much of the banking sector, though the largest bank is a private domestic one. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro through a currency board arrangement, which has maintained confidence in the currency and has facilitated reliable trade links with European partners. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. In 2016, Bosnia began a three-year IMF loan program, but it has struggled to meet the economic reform benchmarks required to receive all funding installments. Bosnia and Herzegovina's private sector is growing slowly, but foreign investment dropped sharply after 2007 and remains low. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a steady source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity, though public perceptions of government corruption and misuse of taxpayer money has encouraged a large informal economy to persist. National-level statistics have improved over time, but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded. Bosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector. | Though still one of the wealthiest of the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia's economy suffered badly during the 1991-95 war. The country's output during that time collapsed, and Croatia missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Between 2000 and 2007, however, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6%, led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable. Croatia experienced an abrupt slowdown in the economy in 2008; economic growth was stagnant or negative in each year between 2009 and 2014, but has picked up since the third quarter of 2014, ending 2017 with an average of 2.8% growth. Challenges remain including uneven regional development, a difficult investment climate, an inefficient judiciary, and loss of educated young professionals seeking higher salaries elsewhere in the EU. In 2016, Croatia revised its tax code to stimulate growth from domestic consumption and foreign investment. Income tax reduction began in 2017, and in 2018 various business costs were removed from income tax calculations. At the start of 2018, the government announced its economic reform plan, slated for implementation in 2019. Tourism is one of the main pillars of the Croatian economy, comprising 19.6% of Croatia's GDP. Croatia is working to become a regional energy hub, and is undertaking plans to open a floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification terminal by the end of 2019 or early in 2020 to import LNG for re-distribution in southeast Europe. Croatia joined the EU on July 1, 2013, following a decade-long accession process. Croatia has developed a plan for Eurozone accession, and the government projects Croatia will adopt the Euro by 2024. In 2017, the Croatian government decreased public debt to 78% of GDP, from an all-time high of 84% in 2014, and realized a 0.8% budget surplus - the first surplus since independence in 1991. The government has also sought to accelerate privatization of non-strategic assets with mixed success. Croatia's economic recovery is still somewhat fragile; Croatia's largest private company narrowly avoided collapse in 2017, thanks to a capital infusion from an American investor. Restructuring is ongoing, and projected to finish by mid-July 2018. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity) | $49.224 billion (2019 est.) $47.94 billion (2018 est.) $46.212 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars | $116.339 billion (2019 est.) $113.105 billion (2018 est.) $110.016 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars |
| GDP - real growth rate | 3% (2017 est.) 3.2% (2016 est.) 3.1% (2015 est.) | 2.94% (2019 est.) 2.7% (2018 est.) 3.14% (2017 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP) | $14,912 (2019 est.) $14,423 (2018 est.) $13,788 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars | $28,602 (2019 est.) $27,669 (2018 est.) $26,674 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 6.8% (2017 est.) industry: 28.9% (2017 est.) services: 64.3% (2017 est.) | agriculture: 3.7% (2017 est.) industry: 26.2% (2017 est.) services: 70.1% (2017 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | 16.9% (2015 est.) | 18.3% (2018 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 25.8% (2011 est.) | lowest 10%: 2.7% highest 10%: 23% (2015 est.) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 1.2% (2017 est.) -1.1% (2016 est.) | 0.7% (2019 est.) 1.4% (2018 est.) 1.1% (2017 est.) |
| Labor force | 806,000 (2020 est.) | 1.656 million (2020 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture: 18% industry: 30.4% services: 51.7% (2017 est.) | agriculture: 1.9% industry: 27.3% services: 70.8% (2017 est.) |
| Unemployment rate | 33.28% (2019 est.) 35.97% (2018 est.) note: official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy | 8.07% (2019 est.) 9.86% (2018 est.) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 33 (2011 est.) 33.1 (2007) | 30.4 (2017 est.) 32.1 (2014 est.) |
| Budget | revenues: 7.993 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 7.607 billion (2017 est.) | revenues: 25.24 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 24.83 billion (2017 est.) |
| Industries | steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining | chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages, tourism |
| Industrial production growth rate | 3% (2017 est.) | 1.2% (2017 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | maize, milk, vegetables, potatoes, wheat, plums/sloes, apples, barley, cabbages, poultry | maize, wheat, sugar beet, milk, barley, soybeans, potatoes, pork, grapes, sunflower seed |
| Exports | $8.843 billion (2019 est.) $8.91 billion (2018 est.) $8.395 billion (2017 est.) | $36.28 billion (2019 est.) $33.97 billion (2018 est.) $32.75 billion (2017 est.) |
| Exports - commodities | electricity, seating, leather shoes, furniture, insulated wiring (2019) | refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cars, medical cultures/vaccines, lumber (2019) |
| Exports - partners | Germany 14%, Italy 12%, Croatia 11%, Serbia 11%, Austria 9%, Slovenia 8% (2019) | Italy 13%, Germany 13%, Slovenia 10%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9%, Austria 6%, Serbia 5% (2019) |
| Imports | $12.561 billion (2019 est.) $12.441 billion (2018 est.) $11.999 billion (2017 est.) | $37.612 billion (2019 est.) $35.367 billion (2018 est.) $32.899 billion (2017 est.) |
| Imports - commodities | refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, coal, electricity (2019) | crude petroleum, cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, electricity (2019) |
| Imports - partners | Croatia 15%, Serbia 13%, Germany 10%, Italy 9%, Slovenia 7%, China 6% (2019) | Italy 14%, Germany 14%, Slovenia 11%, Hungary 7%, Austria 6% (2019) |
| Debt - external | $10.87 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $10.64 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $48.263 billion (2019 est.) $51.176 billion (2018 est.) |
| Exchange rates | konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar - 1.729 (2017 est.) 1.7674 (2016 est.) 1.7674 (2015 est.) 1.7626 (2014 est.) 1.4718 (2013 est.) | kuna (HRK) per US dollar - 6.2474 (2020 est.) 6.72075 (2019 est.) 6.48905 (2018 est.) 6.8583 (2014 est.) 5.7482 (2013 est.) |
| Fiscal year | calendar year | calendar year |
| Public debt | 39.5% of GDP (2017 est.) 44.1% of GDP (2016 est.) note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions. | 77.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 82.3% of GDP (2016 est.) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | $6.474 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $5.137 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $18.82 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $14.24 billion (31 December 2016 est.) |
| Current Account Balance | -$873 million (2017 est.) -$821 million (2016 est.) | $1.597 billion (2019 est.) $1 billion (2018 est.) |
| GDP (official exchange rate) | $20.078 billion (2019 est.) | $60.687 billion (2019 est.) |
| Credit ratings | Moody's rating: B3 (2012) Standard & Poors rating: B (2011) | Fitch rating: BBB- (2019) Moody's rating: Ba1 (2020) Standard & Poors rating: BBB- (2019) |
| Ease of Doing Business Index scores | Overall score: 65.4 (2020) Starting a Business score: 60 (2020) Trading score: 95.7 (2020) Enforcement score: 57.8 (2020) | Overall score: 73.6 (2020) Starting a Business score: 85.3 (2020) Trading score: 100 (2020) Enforcement score: 70.6 (2020) |
| Taxes and other revenues | 44% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | 46.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
| Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) | 2.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | 0.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
| Unemployment, youth ages 15-24 | total: 33.8% male: 31.3% female: 37.9% (2019 est.) | total: 16.6% male: 14.5% female: 19.8% (2019 est.) |
| GDP - composition, by end use | household consumption: 77.4% (2017 est.) government consumption: 20% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 16.6% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 2.3% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 38.7% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -55.1% (2017 est.) | household consumption: 57.3% (2017 est.) government consumption: 19.5% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 20% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 51.1% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -48.8% (2017 est.) |
| Gross national saving | 16.6% of GDP (2019 est.) 15.9% of GDP (2018 est.) 13.7% of GDP (2017 est.) | 25.3% of GDP (2019 est.) 25.3% of GDP (2018 est.) 25.3% of GDP (2017 est.) |
Energy
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Electricity - production | 16.99 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 12.2 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - consumption | 11.87 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 15.93 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - exports | 6.007 billion kWh (2015 est.) | 3.2 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - imports | 3.084 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 8.702 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Oil - production | 0 bbl/day (2018 est.) | 14,000 bbl/day (2018 est.) |
| Oil - imports | 18,480 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 55,400 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Oil - exports | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Oil - proved reserves | 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.) | 71 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves | 0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.) | 24.92 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Natural gas - production | 0 cu m (2017 est.) | 1.048 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption | 226.5 million cu m (2017 est.) | 2.577 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports | 0 cu m (2017 est.) | 172.7 million cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports | 226.5 million cu m (2017 est.) | 1.841 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - installed generating capacity | 4.676 million kW (2016 est.) | 4.921 million kW (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from fossil fuels | 49% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) | 45% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from hydroelectric plants | 51% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 40% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from nuclear fuels | 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from other renewable sources | 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 16% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - production | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 74,620 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - consumption | 32,000 bbl/day (2016 est.) | 73,000 bbl/day (2016 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - exports | 4,603 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 40,530 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - imports | 18,280 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 35,530 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Electricity access | electrification - total population: 100% (2020) | electrification - total population: 100% (2020) |
Telecommunications
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Telephones - main lines in use | total subscriptions: 728,322 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18.97 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 1,333,661 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31.38 (2019 est.) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | total subscriptions: 3,755,521 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 97.79 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 4,404,652 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 103.63 (2019 est.) |
| Internet country code | .ba | .hr |
| Internet users | total: 2,699,544 percent of population: 70.12% (July 2018 est.) | total: 3,104,212 percent of population: 72.69% (July 2018 est.) |
| Telecommunication systems | general assessment: Bosnia-Herzegovina aims for national LTE coverage through integration with European Union (EU); roaming agreements with EU and Balkan neighbors; fixed-line broadband is underdeveloped, investments in mobile upgrades facilitate broadband connectivity to a greater extent than in Europe; DSL and cable are the main platforms for fixed-line connectivity while fiber broadband has a small market presence; operators support broadband in rural areas where fixed-line infrastructure is insufficient; LTE services under test licenses; 5G awaits market maturity; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021) (2020)domestic: fixed-line teledensity roughly 24 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and stands at roughly 112 telephones per 100 persons (2019) international: country code - 387; no satellite earth stations note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments | general assessment: Croatia's telecom market improved through partnership with the EU in 2013, opening a competitive market in mobile and broadband and conducive regulatory environment; one of the highest mobile penetration rates in the Balkans, covering most remote areas; local lines are digital; international operator investment provides relatively high broadband penetration; tests for 5G technologies in 2020 (2020) (2020)domestic: fixed-line teledensity has dropped somewhat to about 32 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions 107 per 100 (2019) international: country code - 385; the ADRIA-1 submarine cable provides connectivity to Albania and Greece; digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic project, which consists of 2 fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik (2019) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments |
| Broadband - fixed subscriptions | total: 745,887 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 19.42 (2019 est.) | total: 1,154,773 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 27.17 (2019 est.) |
| Broadcast media | 3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV broadcasting stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations | the national state-owned public broadcaster, Croatian Radiotelevision, operates 4 terrestrial TV networks, a satellite channel that rebroadcasts programs for Croatians living abroad, and 6 regional TV centers; 2 private broadcasters operate national terrestrial networks; 29 privately owned regional TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; state-owned public broadcaster operates 4 national radio networks and 23 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks and 117 local radio stations (2019) |
Transportation
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Railways | total: 965 km (2014) standard gauge: 965 km 1.435-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2014) | total: 2,722 km (2014) standard gauge: 2,722 km 1.435-m gauge (980 km electrified) (2014) |
| Roadways | total: 22,926 km (2010) paved: 19,426 km (4,652 km of interurban roads) (2010) unpaved: 3,500 km (2010) | total: 26,958 km (includes 1,416 km of expressways) (2015) |
| Waterways | (Sava River on northern border; open to shipping but use limited) (2011) | 785 km (2009) |
| Pipelines | 147 km gas, 9 km oil (2013) | 2410 km gas, 610 km oil (2011) |
| Ports and terminals | river port(s): Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, Brcko, Orasje (Sava River) | major seaport(s): Ploce, Rijeka, Sibenik, Split oil terminal(s): Omisalj river port(s): Vukovar (Danube) |
| Airports | total: 24 (2013) | total: 69 (2013) |
| Airports - with paved runways | total: 7 (2017) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 (2017) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2017) under 914 m: 2 (2017) | total: 24 (2017) over 3,047 m: 2 (2017) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 (2017) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2017) 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2017) under 914 m: 10 (2017) |
| Airports - with unpaved runways | total: 17 (2013) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 5 (2013) under 914 m: 11 (2013) | total: 45 (2013) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 6 (2013) under 914 m: 38 (2013) |
| Heliports | 6 (2013) | 1 (2013) |
| National air transport system | number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 1 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 7,070 (2015) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 87 mt-km (2015) | number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 18 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 2,093,577 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 530,000 mt-km (2018) |
| Civil aircraft registration country code prefix | T9 | 9A |
Military
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Military branches | Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Operations Command (includes Army, Air, and Air Defense units), Support Command (2021) | Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia (Oruzane Snage Republike Hrvatske, OSRH) consists of five major commands directly subordinate to a General Staff: Ground Forces (Hrvatska Kopnena Vojska, HKoV), Naval Forces (Hrvatska Ratna Mornarica, HRM, includes Coast Guard), Air Force and Air Defense Command (Hrvatsko Ratno Zrakoplovstvo I Protuzracna Obrana), Joint Education and Training Command, Logistics Command; Military Police Force supports each of the three Croatian military forces (2021) |
| Military service age and obligation | 18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 35 or after 15 years of service for E-1 through E-4, mandatory retirement at age 50 and 30 years of service for E-5 through E-9, mandatory retirement at age 55 and 30 years of service for all officers; conscription abolished in 2005 (2019) | 18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2019) |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | 0.9% of GDP (2019) 0.9% of GDP (2018) 0.9% of GDP (2017) 0.9% of GDP (2016) 1% of GDP (2015) | 1.83% of GDP (2020 est.) 1.65% of GDP (2019) 1.57% of GDP (2018) 1.67% of GDP (2017) 1.62% of GDP (2016) |
| Military and security service personnel strengths | the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina have approximately 9,000 active duty personnel (2021) | the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia have approximately 15,000 active duty personnel (10,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 1,500 Air force; 2,000 joint/other) (2020) |
| Military equipment inventories and acquisitions | the inventory for the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina includes mainly Soviet-era weapons systems with a small and varied mix of older European and US equipment (2021) | the inventory of the Croatian Armed Forces consists mostly of Soviet-era equipment, although in recent years, it has acquired a limited number of more modern weapon systems from some Western suppliers, including Finland, Germany, and the US (2020) |
Transnational Issues
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Disputes - international | Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute | dispute remains with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several small sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Piranski Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led to Slovenia lifting its objections to Croatia joining the EU; Slovenia continues to impose a hard border Schengen regime with Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013 but has not yet fulfilled Schengen requirements |
| Illicit drugs | increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of corruption | primarily a transit country along the Balkan route for maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe and other illicit drugs and chemical precursors to and from Western Europe; no significant domestic production of illicit drugs |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons | refugees (country of origin): 5,116 (Croatia) (2019) IDPs: 99,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-95 war) (2020) stateless persons: 66 (2020) note: 82,052 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-August 2021) | stateless persons: 2,900 (2020) note: 727,610 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021); flows slowed considerably in 2017; Croatia is predominantly a transit country and hosts about 340 asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018 |
Environment
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Air pollutants | particulate matter emissions: 27.25 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 21.85 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 2.92 megatons (2020 est.) | particulate matter emissions: 17.03 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 17.49 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 3.98 megatons (2020 est.) |
| Total water withdrawal | municipal: 360.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 71.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.) | municipal: 455 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 184 million cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 76 million cubic meters (2017 est.) |
| Revenue from forest resources | forest revenues: 0.49% of GDP (2018 est.) | forest revenues: 0.26% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Revenue from coal | coal revenues: 0.34% of GDP (2018 est.) | coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Waste and recycling | municipal solid waste generated annually: 1,248,718 tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 12 tons (2015 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 0% (2015 est.) | municipal solid waste generated annually: 1.654 million tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 269,933 tons (2015 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 16.3% (2015 est.) |
Source: CIA Factbook
