Montenegro vs. Croatia
Introduction
| Montenegro | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Background | The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro joined with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the two-state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006. In 2017, Montenegro joined NATO and is currently completing its EU accession process, having officially applied to join the EU in December 2008. | The lands that today comprise Croatia were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the close of World War I. In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became a federal independent communist state consisting of six socialist republics under the strong hand of Marshal Josip Broz, aka TITO. Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, it took four years of sporadic, but often bitter, fighting before occupying Yugoslav forces, dominated by Serb officers, were mostly cleared from Croatian lands, along with a majority of Croatia's ethnic Serb population. Under UN supervision, the last Serb-held enclave in eastern Slavonia was returned to Croatia in 1998. The country joined NATO in April 2009 and the EU in July 2013. |
Geography
| Montenegro | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Location | Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia | Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia |
| Geographic coordinates | 42 30 N, 19 18 E | 45 10 N, 15 30 E |
| Map references | Europe | Europe |
| Area | total: 13,812 sq km land: 13,452 sq km water: 360 sq km | total: 56,594 sq km land: 55,974 sq km water: 620 sq km |
| Area - comparative | slightly smaller than Connecticut; slightly larger than twice the size of Delaware | slightly smaller than West Virginia |
| Land boundaries | total: 680 km border countries (5): Albania 186 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km, Croatia 19 km, Kosovo 76 km, Serbia 157 km | total: 2,237 km border countries (5): Bosnia and Herzegovina 956 km, Hungary 348 km, Montenegro 19 km, Serbia 314 km, Slovenia 600 km |
| Coastline | 293.5 km | 5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km) |
| Maritime claims | territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: defined by treaty | territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation |
| Climate | Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland | Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast |
| Terrain | highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus | geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands |
| Elevation extremes | highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m mean elevation: 1,086 m | highest point: Dinara 1,831 m lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m mean elevation: 331 m |
| Natural resources | bauxite, hydroelectricity | oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, gypsum, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower |
| Land use | agricultural land: 38.2% (2018 est.) arable land: 12.9% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 24.1% (2018 est.) forest: 40.4% (2018 est.) other: 21.4% (2018 est.) | agricultural land: 23.7% (2018 est.) arable land: 16% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.) forest: 34.4% (2018 est.) other: 41.9% (2018 est.) |
| Irrigated land | 24 sq km (2012) | 240 sq km (2012) |
| Natural hazards | destructive earthquakes | destructive earthquakes |
| Environment - current issues | pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie; air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating | air pollution improving but still a concern in urban settings and in emissions arriving from neighboring countries; surface water pollution in the Danube River Basin |
| Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
| Geography - note | strategic location along the Adriatic coast | controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits; most Adriatic Sea islands lie off the coast of Croatia - some 1,200 islands, islets, ridges, and rocks |
| Population distribution | highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area | more of the population lives in the northern half of the country, with approximately a quarter of the populace residing in and around the capital of Zagreb; many of the islands are sparsely populated |
Demographics
| Montenegro | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 607,414 (July 2021 est.) | 4,208,973 (July 2021 est.) |
| Age structure | 0-14 years: 18.14% (male 57,402/female 53,217) 15-24 years: 12.78% (male 40,220/female 37,720) 25-54 years: 39.65% (male 120,374/female 121,461) 55-64 years: 13.41% (male 40,099/female 41,670) 65 years and over: 16.02% (male 42,345/female 55,351) (2020 est.) | 0-14 years: 14.16% (male 308,668/female 289,996) 15-24 years: 10.76% (male 233,602/female 221,495) 25-54 years: 39.77% (male 841,930/female 839,601) 55-64 years: 14.24% (male 290,982/female 310,969) 65 years and over: 21.06% (male 364,076/female 526,427) (2020 est.) |
| Median age | total: 39.6 years male: 38.1 years female: 41.1 years (2020 est.) | total: 43.9 years male: 42 years female: 45.9 years (2020 est.) |
| Population growth rate | -0.4% (2021 est.) | -0.48% (2021 est.) |
| Birth rate | 11.35 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 8.68 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Death rate | 10.37 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 12.78 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Net migration rate | -4.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) | -0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Sex ratio | at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.08 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2020 est.) | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2020 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate | total: 3.29 deaths/1,000 live births male: 2.75 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.85 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) | total: 8.91 deaths/1,000 live births male: 8.67 deaths/1,000 live births female: 9.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population: 77.51 years male: 75.06 years female: 80.04 years (2021 est.) | total population: 76.97 years male: 73.83 years female: 80.3 years (2021 est.) |
| Total fertility rate | 1.82 children born/woman (2021 est.) | 1.44 children born/woman (2021 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate | <.1% (2020 est.) | <.1% (2020 est.) |
| Nationality | noun: Montenegrin(s) adjective: Montenegrin | noun: Croat(s), Croatian(s) adjective: Croatian note: the French designation of "Croate" to Croatian mercenaries in the 17th century eventually became "Cravate" and later came to be applied to the soldiers' scarves - the cravat; Croatia celebrates Cravat Day every 18 October |
| Ethnic groups | Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.) | Croat 90.4%, Serb 4.4%, other 4.4% (including Bosniak, Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Romani), unspecified 0.8% (2011 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | <500 (2020 est.) note: estimate does not include children | 1,700 (2020 est.) note: estimate does not include children |
| Religions | Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.) | Roman Catholic 86.3%, Orthodox 4.4%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.5%, not religious or atheist 3.8% (2011 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths | <100 (2020 est.) note: estimate does not include children | <100 (2020 est.) note: estimate does not include children |
| Languages | Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.) major-language sample(s): Knjiga svetskih cinjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian) Knjiga svjetskih cinjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Montenegrin/Bosnian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. | Croatian (official) 95.6%, Serbian 1.2%, other 3% (including Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and Albanian), unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.) major-language sample(s): Knjiga svjetskih cinjenica, nuzan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Croatian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. |
| Literacy | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98.8% male: 99.5% female: 98.3% (2018) | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.3% male: 99.7% female: 98.9% (2015) |
| Major infectious diseases | degree of risk: intermediate (2020) food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea vectorborne diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever | degree of risk: intermediate (2020) vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis |
| School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) | total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 15 years (2019) | total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 16 years (2018) |
| Education expenditures | NA | 3.9% of GDP (2017) |
| Urbanization | urban population: 67.8% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) | urban population: 57.9% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) |
| Drinking water source | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 99.8% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0.2% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2017 est.) |
| Sanitation facility access | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 93.9% of population total: 97.8% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 6.1% of population total: 2.2% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 99.5% of population rural: 98.4% of population total: 99% of population unimproved: urban: 0.5% of population rural: 1.6% of population total: 1% of population (2017 est.) |
| Major cities - population | 177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018) | 685,000 ZAGREB (capital) (2021) |
| Maternal mortality rate | 6 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) | 8 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) |
| Health expenditures | 8.4% (2018) | 6.8% (2018) |
| Physicians density | 2.76 physicians/1,000 population (2018) | 3 physicians/1,000 population (2016) |
| Hospital bed density | 3.9 beds/1,000 population (2017) | 5.5 beds/1,000 population (2017) |
| Obesity - adult prevalence rate | 23.3% (2016) | 24.4% (2016) |
| Mother's mean age at first birth | 26.3 years (2010 est.) | 28.9 years (2019 est.) |
| Dependency ratios | total dependency ratio: 51.1 youth dependency ratio: 27.3 elderly dependency ratio: 23.8 potential support ratio: 4.2 (2020 est.) | total dependency ratio: 55.7 youth dependency ratio: 22.6 elderly dependency ratio: 33.1 potential support ratio: 3 (2020 est.) |
Government
| Montenegro | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Country name | conventional long form: none conventional short form: Montenegro local long form: none local short form: Crna Gora former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro etymology: the country's name locally as well as in most Western European languages means "black mountain" and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area | conventional long form: Republic of Croatia conventional short form: Croatia local long form: Republika Hrvatska local short form: Hrvatska former: People's Republic of Croatia, Socialist Republic of Croatia etymology: name derives from the Croats, a Slavic tribe who migrated to the Balkans in the 7th century A.D. |
| Government type | parliamentary republic | parliamentary republic |
| Capital | name: Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital" geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the name translates as "beneath Gorica"; the meaning of Gorica is "hillock"; the reference is to the small hill named Gorica that the city is built around | name: Zagreb geographic coordinates: 45 48 N, 16 00 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the name seems to be related to "digging"; archeologists suggest that the original settlement was established beyond a water-filled hole or "graba" and that the name derives from this; "za" in Slavic means "beyond"; the overall meaning may be "beyond the trench (fault, channel, ditch)" |
| Administrative divisions | 24 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnijica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak | 20 counties (zupanije, zupanija - singular) and 1 city* (grad - singular) with special county status; Bjelovarsko-Bilogorska (Bjelovar-Bilogora), Brodsko-Posavska (Brod-Posavina), Dubrovacko-Neretvanska (Dubrovnik-Neretva), Istarska (Istria), Karlovacka (Karlovac), Koprivnicko-Krizevacka (Koprivnica-Krizevci), Krapinsko-Zagorska (Krapina-Zagorje), Licko-Senjska (Lika-Senj), Medimurska (Medimurje), Osjecko-Baranjska (Osijek-Baranja), Pozesko-Slavonska (Pozega-Slavonia), Primorsko-Goranska (Primorje-Gorski Kotar), Sibensko-Kninska (Sibenik-Knin), Sisacko-Moslavacka (Sisak-Moslavina), Splitsko-Dalmatinska (Split-Dalmatia), Varazdinska (Varazdin), Viroviticko-Podravska (Virovitica-Podravina), Vukovarsko-Srijemska (Vukovar-Syrmia), Zadarska (Zadar), Zagreb*, Zagrebacka (Zagreb county) |
| Independence | 3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established) | 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia); note - 25 June 1991 was the day the Croatian parliament voted for independence; following a three-month moratorium to allow the European Community to solve the Yugoslav crisis peacefully, parliament adopted a decision on 8 October 1991 to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia; notable earlier dates: ca. 925 (Kingdom of Croatia established); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) established) |
| National holiday | Statehood Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against fascist occupiers and sided with the partisan communist movement) | Statehood Day (National Day), 30 May (1990); note - marks the day in 1990 that the first modern multi-party Croatian parliament convened |
| Constitution | history: several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007 amendments: proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013 | history: several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1990 amendments: proposed by at least one fifth of the Assembly membership, by the president of the republic, by the Government of Croatia, or through petition by at least 10% of the total electorate; proceedings to amend require majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; passage by petition requires a majority vote in a referendum and promulgation by the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2014 (2021) |
| Legal system | civil law | civil law system influenced by legal heritage of Austria-Hungary; note - Croatian law was fully harmonized with the European Community acquis as of the June 2010 completion of EU accession negotiations |
| Suffrage | 18 years of age; universal | 18 years of age; universal |
| Executive branch | chief of state: President Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 20 May 2018) head of government: Prime Minister Zdravko KRIVOKAPIC (since 4 December 2020) cabinet: Ministers act as cabinet elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 15 April 2018 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly election results: Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7% | chief of state: President Zoran MILANOVIC (since 18 February 2020) head of government: Prime Minister Andrej PLENKOVIC (since 19 October 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Damir KRSTICEVIC (since 19 October 2016), Predrag STROMAR (since 9 June 2017), Marija Pejcinovic BURIC (since 19 June 2017), and Tomislav TOLUSIC (since 25 May 2018) cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and approved by the Assembly elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 December 2019 with a runoff on 5 January 2020 (next to be held in 2024); the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president and approved by the Assembly election results: Zoran MILANOVIC elected president in second round; percent of vote - Zoran MILANOVIC (SDP) 52.7%, Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (HDZ) 47.3% |
| Legislative branch | description: unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) elections: last held on 30 August 2020 (next to be held in 2024) election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - DPS 35.1%, ZBCG 32.6%, MNIM 12.5%, URA 5.5%, SD 4.1%, BS 3.9%, SDP 3.1%, AL 1.6%, AK 1.1%, other 0.4%; seats by party/coalition - DPS 30, ZBCG 27, MNIM 10, URA 4, BS 3, SD 3, SDP 2, AL 1, AK 1.; composition - men 57, women 24, percent of women 29.6% | description: unicameral Assembly or Hrvatski Sabor (151 seats; 140 members in 10 multi-seat constituencies and 3 members in a single constituency for Croatian diaspora directly elected by proportional representation vote using the D'Hondt method with a 5% threshold; an additional 8 members elected from a nationwide constituency by simple majority by voters belonging to minorities recognized by Croatia; the Serb minority elects 3 Assembly members, the Hungarian and Italian minorities elect 1 each, the Czech and Slovak minorities elect 1 jointly, and all other minorities elect 2; all members serve 4-year terms elections: early election held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held by 2024) election results: percent of vote by coalition/party - HDZ-led coalition 37.3%, Restart coalition 24.9%, DPMS-led coalition 10.9%, MOST 7.4%, Green-Left coalition 7%, P-F-SSIP 4%, HNS-LD 1.3%, People's Party - Reformists 1%, other 6.2%; number of seats by coalition/party - HDZ-led coalition 66, Restart coalition 41, DPMS-led coalition 16, MOST 8, Green-Left coalition 7, P-F-SSIP 3, HNS-LD 1, People's Party - Reformists - 1, national minorities 8; composition - men 116, women 35, percent of women 23.2% note: seats by party as of March 2021 - HDZ 62, SDP 33, DP 9, Most 6, Croatian Sovereignists 4, We Can! 4, IDS 3, SDSS 3, HSS 2, HSLS 2, BZH 1, Center 1, FOKUS 1, GLAS 1, HDS 1, HSU 1, NL 1, Reformists 1, SSIP 1, WF 1, independent 12 |
| Judicial branch | highest courts: Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms subordinate courts: Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts | highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the court president and vice president, 25 civil department justices, and 16 criminal department justices) judge selection and term of office: president of Supreme Court nominated by the president of Croatia and elected by the Sabor for a 4-year term; other Supreme Court justices appointed by the National Judicial Council; all judges serve until age 70 subordinate courts: Administrative Court; county, municipal, and specialized courts; note - there is an 11-member Constitutional Court with jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues but is outside of the judicial system |
| Political parties and leaders | Albanian Alternative or AA [Nik DJELOSAJ] Albanian Coalition (includes DP, DSCG, DUA) Albanian Coalition Perspective or AKP Albanian List (coalition includes AA, Forca, AKP, DSA) Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC] Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC] Croatian Reform Party [Marija VUCINOVIC] Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Miodrag LEKIC] Democratic Front or DF [collective leadership] (coalition includes NOVA, PZP, DNP, RP) Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG [Mehmet BARDHI] Democratic League of Albanians or DSA Democratic Montenegro or DCG [Alexsa BECIC] Democratic Party or DP [Fatmir GJEKA] Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC] Democratic Party of Unity or DSJ [Nebojsa JUSKOVIC] Democratic People's Party or DNP [Milan KNEZEVIC] Democratic Serb Party or DSS [Dragica PEROVIC] Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA] For the Future of Montenegro or ZBCG [Zdravko KRIVOKAPIC] (electoral coalition includes SNP and 2 alliances - DF, NP) Liberal Party or LP [Andrija POPOVIC] Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC] New Democratic Power or FORCA [Nazif CUNGU] New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC] Party of Pensioners, Disabled, and Restitution or PUPI [Momir JOKSIMOVIC] Peace is Our Nation or MNIM [Alexa BECIC] (coalition includes Democrats, DEMOS, New Left, PUPI) Popular Movement or NP [Miodrag DAVIDOVIC] (coalition includes DEMOS, RP, UCG, and several minor parties) Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC] Social Democrats or SD [Ivan BRAJOVIC] Socialist People's Party or SNP [Vladimir JOKOVIC] True Montenegro or PRAVA [Marko MILACIC] United Montenegro or UCG [Goran DANILOVIC] (split from DEMOS) United Reform Action or URA [Dritan ABAZOVIC] Workers' Party or RP [Janko VUCINIC] | Bloc for Croatia or BZH [Zlatko HASANBEGOVIC] Bridge of Independent Lists or Most [Bozo PETROV] Center [collective leadership] (formerly Pametno) Civic Liberal Alliance or GLAS [Ankar Mrak TARITAS] Croatian Christian Democratic Party or HDS [Goran DODIG] Croatian Conservative Party or HKS [Marijan PAVLICEK] Croatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Branimir GLAVAS] Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Andrej PLENKOVIC] Croatian Democratic Union-led coalition (includes HSLS, HDS, HDSSB) Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Kreso BELJAK] Croatian Pensioner Party or HSU [Silvano HRELJA] Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats or HNS-LD [Ivan VRDOLJAK] Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Dario HREBAK] Croatian Sovereignists coalition (includes HKS, HRAST) FOKUS [Davor NADI] Green-Left coalition (includes MOZEMO!, RF, NL) Homeland Movement or DP [Miloslav SKORO] Homeland Movement-led coalition (includes DP, Croatian Sovereignists coalition, BZH) Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Boris MILETIC] Movement for Successful Croatia or HRAST [Ladislav ILCIC] New Left or NL [Dragan MARKOVINA] Pametno [Marijana PULJAK] Pametno, FOKUS, SSIP coalition Party with a First and Last Name or SSIP [Ivan KOVACIC] People's Party - Reformists [Radimir CACIC] Restart Coalition (includes HSLS, HDS, HDSSB) Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Zlatko KOMADINA, acting leader] We Can! or MOZEMO! [collective leadership] Workers' Front or RF [collective leadership] HDZ 62, SDP 33, DP 9, Most 6, Croatian Sovereignists 4, We Can! 4, IDS 3, SDSS 3, HSS 2, HSLS 2, Block 1, Center 1, FOKUS 1, GLAS 1, HDS 1, HSU 1, New Left 1, Reformists 1, SSIP 1, Workers' Front 1, independent 12 |
| International organization participation | CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO | Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EMU, EU, FAO, G-11, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marija STJEPCEVIC (since 4 February 2021) chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108 FAX: [1] (202) 234-6109 email address and website: usa@mfa.gov.me consulate(s) general: New York | chief of mission: Ambassador Pjer SIMUNOVIC (since 8 September 2017) chancery: 2343 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 588-5899 FAX: [1] (202) 588-8936; [1] (202) 588-8936 email address and website: washington@mvep.hr http://us.mvep.hr/en/ consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Seattle (WA), Washington, DC consulate(s): Anchorage (AL), Houston, Kansas City (MO), New Orleans, Pittsburgh (PA) |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018) embassy: Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica mailing address: 5570 Podgorica Place, Washington DC 20521-5570 telephone: +382 (0)20-410-500 FAX: [382] (0)20-241-358 email address and website: PodgoricaACS@state.gov https://me.usembassy.gov/ | chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mark FLEMING (since May 2021) embassy: Ulica Thomasa Jeffersona 2, 10010 Zagreb mailing address: 5080 Zagreb Place, Washington DC 20521-5080 telephone: [385] (1) 661-2200 FAX: [385] (1) 661-8933 email address and website: ZagrebACS@state.gov https://hr.usembassy.gov/ |
| Flag description | a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy | three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia |
| National anthem | name: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May) lyrics/music: Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC note: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song | name: "Lijepa nasa domovino" (Our Beautiful Homeland) lyrics/music: Antun MIHANOVIC/Josip RUNJANIN note: adopted in 1972 while still part of Yugoslavia; "Lijepa nasa domovino," whose lyrics were written in 1835, served as an unofficial anthem beginning in 1891 |
| International law organization participation | has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction | has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction |
| National symbol(s) | double-headed eagle; national colors: red, gold | red-white checkerboard; national colors: red, white, blue |
| Citizenship | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Croatia dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years |
Economy
| Montenegro | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Economy - overview | Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. Around 90% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. Tourism, which accounts for more than 20% of Montenegro's GDP, brings in three times as many visitors as Montenegro's total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various stages of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. In addition to tourism, energy and agriculture are considered two distinct pillars of the economy. Only 20% of Montenegro's hydropower potential is utilized. Montenegro plans to become a net energy exporter, and the construction of an underwater cable to Italy, which will be completed by the end of 2018, will help meet its goal. Montenegro uses the euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the euro zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the WTO. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EU in 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime. The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. Net foreign direct investment in 2017 reached $848 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe, due to a low corporate tax rate. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro in 2017 were Norway, Russia, Italy, Azerbaijan and Hungary. Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road and rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country's highway system, which will become part of China's Belt and Road Initiative. Cheaper borrowing costs have stimulated Montenegro's growing debt, which currently sits at 65.9% of GDP, with a forecast, absent fiscal consolidation, to increase to 80% once the repayment to China's Ex/Im Bank of a _800 million highway loan begins in 2019. Montenegro first instituted a value-added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. The Montenegrin Government increased the non-tourism Value Added Tax (VAT) rate to 21% as of January 2018, with the goal of reducing its public debt. | Though still one of the wealthiest of the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia's economy suffered badly during the 1991-95 war. The country's output during that time collapsed, and Croatia missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Between 2000 and 2007, however, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6%, led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable. Croatia experienced an abrupt slowdown in the economy in 2008; economic growth was stagnant or negative in each year between 2009 and 2014, but has picked up since the third quarter of 2014, ending 2017 with an average of 2.8% growth. Challenges remain including uneven regional development, a difficult investment climate, an inefficient judiciary, and loss of educated young professionals seeking higher salaries elsewhere in the EU. In 2016, Croatia revised its tax code to stimulate growth from domestic consumption and foreign investment. Income tax reduction began in 2017, and in 2018 various business costs were removed from income tax calculations. At the start of 2018, the government announced its economic reform plan, slated for implementation in 2019. Tourism is one of the main pillars of the Croatian economy, comprising 19.6% of Croatia's GDP. Croatia is working to become a regional energy hub, and is undertaking plans to open a floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification terminal by the end of 2019 or early in 2020 to import LNG for re-distribution in southeast Europe. Croatia joined the EU on July 1, 2013, following a decade-long accession process. Croatia has developed a plan for Eurozone accession, and the government projects Croatia will adopt the Euro by 2024. In 2017, the Croatian government decreased public debt to 78% of GDP, from an all-time high of 84% in 2014, and realized a 0.8% budget surplus - the first surplus since independence in 1991. The government has also sought to accelerate privatization of non-strategic assets with mixed success. Croatia's economic recovery is still somewhat fragile; Croatia's largest private company narrowly avoided collapse in 2017, thanks to a capital infusion from an American investor. Restructuring is ongoing, and projected to finish by mid-July 2018. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity) | $13.357 billion (2019 est.) $12.835 billion (2018 est.) $12.215 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars | $116.339 billion (2019 est.) $113.105 billion (2018 est.) $110.016 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars |
| GDP - real growth rate | 4.3% (2017 est.) 2.9% (2016 est.) 3.4% (2015 est.) | 2.94% (2019 est.) 2.7% (2018 est.) 3.14% (2017 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP) | $21,470 (2019 est.) $20,629 (2018 est.) $19,627 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars | $28,602 (2019 est.) $27,669 (2018 est.) $26,674 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 7.5% (2016 est.) industry: 15.9% (2016 est.) services: 76.6% (2016 est.) | agriculture: 3.7% (2017 est.) industry: 26.2% (2017 est.) services: 70.1% (2017 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | 24.5% (2018 est.) | 18.3% (2018 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 25.7% (2014 est.) | lowest 10%: 2.7% highest 10%: 23% (2015 est.) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 0.3% (2019 est.) 2.6% (2018 est.) 2.3% (2017 est.) | 0.7% (2019 est.) 1.4% (2018 est.) 1.1% (2017 est.) |
| Labor force | 167,000 (2020 est.) | 1.656 million (2020 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture: 7.9% industry: 17.1% services: 75% (2017 est.) | agriculture: 1.9% industry: 27.3% services: 70.8% (2017 est.) |
| Unemployment rate | 15.82% (2019 est.) 18.8% (2018 est.) | 8.07% (2019 est.) 9.86% (2018 est.) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 39 (2015 est.) 32.3 (2013 est.) | 30.4 (2017 est.) 32.1 (2014 est.) |
| Budget | revenues: 1.78 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 2.05 billion (2017 est.) | revenues: 25.24 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 24.83 billion (2017 est.) |
| Industries | steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism | chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages, tourism |
| Industrial production growth rate | -4.2% (2017 est.) | 1.2% (2017 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | milk, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, tomatoes, watermelons, wheat, apples, cabbages, barley | maize, wheat, sugar beet, milk, barley, soybeans, potatoes, pork, grapes, sunflower seed |
| Exports | $422.2 million (2017 est.) $362 million (2016 est.) | $36.28 billion (2019 est.) $33.97 billion (2018 est.) $32.75 billion (2017 est.) |
| Exports - commodities | aluminum, packaged medicines, cars, zinc, wine (2019) | refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cars, medical cultures/vaccines, lumber (2019) |
| Exports - partners | Serbia 17%, Hungary 15%, China 11%, Russia 7%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 6%, Germany 6%, Italy 5%, Poland 5% (2019) | Italy 13%, Germany 13%, Slovenia 10%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9%, Austria 6%, Serbia 5% (2019) |
| Imports | $2.618 billion (2017 est.) $2.29 billion (2016 est.) | $37.612 billion (2019 est.) $35.367 billion (2018 est.) $32.899 billion (2017 est.) |
| Imports - commodities | refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, recreational boats, cigarettes (2019) | crude petroleum, cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, electricity (2019) |
| Imports - partners | Serbia 30%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8%, Croatia 8%, Italy 6%, Greece 6%, Germany 5% (2019) | Italy 14%, Germany 14%, Slovenia 11%, Hungary 7%, Austria 6% (2019) |
| Debt - external | $2.516 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $2.224 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $48.263 billion (2019 est.) $51.176 billion (2018 est.) |
| Exchange rates | euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.885 (2017 est.) 0.903 (2016 est.) 0.9214 (2015 est.) 0.885 (2014 est.) 0.7634 (2013 est.) | kuna (HRK) per US dollar - 6.2474 (2020 est.) 6.72075 (2019 est.) 6.48905 (2018 est.) 6.8583 (2014 est.) 5.7482 (2013 est.) |
| Fiscal year | calendar year | calendar year |
| Public debt | 67.2% of GDP (2017 est.) 66.4% of GDP (2016 est.) note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions | 77.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 82.3% of GDP (2016 est.) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | $1.077 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $846.5 million (31 December 2016 est.) | $18.82 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $14.24 billion (31 December 2016 est.) |
| Current Account Balance | -$780 million (2017 est.) -$710 million (2016 est.) | $1.597 billion (2019 est.) $1 billion (2018 est.) |
| GDP (official exchange rate) | $5.486 billion (2019 est.) | $60.687 billion (2019 est.) |
| Credit ratings | Moody's rating: B1 (2016) Standard & Poors rating: B+ (2014) | Fitch rating: BBB- (2019) Moody's rating: Ba1 (2020) Standard & Poors rating: BBB- (2019) |
| Ease of Doing Business Index scores | Overall score: 73.8 (2020) Starting a Business score: 86.7 (2020) Trading score: 91.9 (2020) Enforcement score: 66.8 (2020) | Overall score: 73.6 (2020) Starting a Business score: 85.3 (2020) Trading score: 100 (2020) Enforcement score: 70.6 (2020) |
| Taxes and other revenues | 37.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | 46.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
| Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) | -5.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | 0.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
| Unemployment, youth ages 15-24 | total: 25.2% male: 25.8% female: 24.3% (2019 est.) | total: 16.6% male: 14.5% female: 19.8% (2019 est.) |
| GDP - composition, by end use | household consumption: 76.8% (2016 est.) government consumption: 19.6% (2016 est.) investment in fixed capital: 23.2% (2016 est.) investment in inventories: 2.9% (2016 est.) exports of goods and services: 40.5% (2016 est.) imports of goods and services: -63% (2016 est.) | household consumption: 57.3% (2017 est.) government consumption: 19.5% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 20% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 51.1% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -48.8% (2017 est.) |
| Gross national saving | 16.9% of GDP (2019 est.) 14.9% of GDP (2018 est.) 14.2% of GDP (2017 est.) | 25.3% of GDP (2019 est.) 25.3% of GDP (2018 est.) 25.3% of GDP (2017 est.) |
Energy
| Montenegro | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Electricity - production | 3.045 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 12.2 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - consumption | 2.808 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 15.93 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - exports | 914 million kWh (2016 est.) | 3.2 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - imports | 1.21 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 8.702 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Oil - production | 0 bbl/day (2018 est.) | 14,000 bbl/day (2018 est.) |
| Oil - imports | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 55,400 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Oil - exports | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Oil - proved reserves | 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.) | 71 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves | 0 cu m (2016 est.) | 24.92 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Natural gas - production | 0 cu m (2017 est.) | 1.048 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption | 0 cu m (2017 est.) | 2.577 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports | 0 cu m (2017 est.) | 172.7 million cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports | 0 cu m (2017 est.) | 1.841 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - installed generating capacity | 890,000 kW (2016 est.) | 4.921 million kW (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from fossil fuels | 23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) | 45% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from hydroelectric plants | 69% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 40% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from nuclear fuels | 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from other renewable sources | 8% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 16% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - production | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 74,620 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - consumption | 6,000 bbl/day (2016 est.) | 73,000 bbl/day (2016 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - exports | 357 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 40,530 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - imports | 6,448 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 35,530 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Electricity access | electrification - total population: 100% (2020) | electrification - total population: 100% (2020) |
Telecommunications
| Montenegro | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Telephones - main lines in use | total subscriptions: 188,175 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30.74 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 1,333,661 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31.38 (2019 est.) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | total subscriptions: 1,150,998 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 188.05 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 4,404,652 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 103.63 (2019 est.) |
| Internet country code | .me | .hr |
| Internet users | total: 439,311 percent of population: 71.52% (July 2018 est.) | total: 3,104,212 percent of population: 72.69% (July 2018 est.) |
| Telecommunication systems | general assessment: a small population, with a compact but modern telecommunications system and access to European satellites; fiber network is dominant platform; mobile penetration is high due to tourism; mobile broadband based on LTE even in rural areas; operators testing 5G in 2021; telecom sector in-line with EU norms provides competition, access, and tariff structures (2021) (2020)domestic: GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage growing; fixed-line 30 per 100 and mobile-cellular 183 per 100 persons (2019) international: country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments | general assessment: Croatia's telecom market improved through partnership with the EU in 2013, opening a competitive market in mobile and broadband and conducive regulatory environment; one of the highest mobile penetration rates in the Balkans, covering most remote areas; local lines are digital; international operator investment provides relatively high broadband penetration; tests for 5G technologies in 2020 (2020) (2020)domestic: fixed-line teledensity has dropped somewhat to about 32 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions 107 per 100 (2019) international: country code - 385; the ADRIA-1 submarine cable provides connectivity to Albania and Greece; digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic project, which consists of 2 fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik (2019) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments |
| Broadband - fixed subscriptions | total: 178,781 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 29.21 (2019 est.) | total: 1,154,773 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 27.17 (2019 est.) |
| Broadcast media | state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several on-line media (2019) | the national state-owned public broadcaster, Croatian Radiotelevision, operates 4 terrestrial TV networks, a satellite channel that rebroadcasts programs for Croatians living abroad, and 6 regional TV centers; 2 private broadcasters operate national terrestrial networks; 29 privately owned regional TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; state-owned public broadcaster operates 4 national radio networks and 23 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks and 117 local radio stations (2019) |
Transportation
| Montenegro | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Railways | total: 250 km (2017) standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified) (2017) | total: 2,722 km (2014) standard gauge: 2,722 km 1.435-m gauge (980 km electrified) (2014) |
| Roadways | total: 7,762 km (2010) paved: 7,141 km (2010) unpaved: 621 km (2010) | total: 26,958 km (includes 1,416 km of expressways) (2015) |
| Ports and terminals | major seaport(s): Bar | major seaport(s): Ploce, Rijeka, Sibenik, Split oil terminal(s): Omisalj river port(s): Vukovar (Danube) |
| Merchant marine | total: 16 by type: bulk carrier 4, other 12 (2020) | total: 343 by type: bulk carrier 14, general cargo 33, oil tanker 19, other 277 (2020) |
| Airports | total: 5 (2013) | total: 69 (2013) |
| Airports - with paved runways | total: 5 (2019) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 | total: 24 (2017) over 3,047 m: 2 (2017) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 (2017) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2017) 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2017) under 914 m: 10 (2017) |
| Heliports | 1 (2012) | 1 (2013) |
| National air transport system | number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 4 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 565,522 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 130,000 mt-km (2018) | number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 18 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 2,093,577 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 530,000 mt-km (2018) |
| Civil aircraft registration country code prefix | 4O | 9A |
Military
| Montenegro | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Military branches | the Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro are a joint force with land, air, and naval elements (2020) | Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia (Oruzane Snage Republike Hrvatske, OSRH) consists of five major commands directly subordinate to a General Staff: Ground Forces (Hrvatska Kopnena Vojska, HKoV), Naval Forces (Hrvatska Ratna Mornarica, HRM, includes Coast Guard), Air Force and Air Defense Command (Hrvatsko Ratno Zrakoplovstvo I Protuzracna Obrana), Joint Education and Training Command, Logistics Command; Military Police Force supports each of the three Croatian military forces (2021) |
| Military service age and obligation | 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2006 (2019) | 18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2019) |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | 1.72% of GDP (2020 est.) 1.33% of GDP (2019) 1.37% of GDP (2018) 1.34% of GDP (2017) 1.42% of GDP (2016) | 1.83% of GDP (2020 est.) 1.65% of GDP (2019) 1.57% of GDP (2018) 1.67% of GDP (2017) 1.62% of GDP (2016) |
| Military - note | Montenegro officially became a member of NATO in 2017 | Croatia officially became a member of NATO in 2009 |
| Military and security service personnel strengths | the Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro have approximately 2,000 total active duty troops (2020) | the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia have approximately 15,000 active duty personnel (10,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 1,500 Air force; 2,000 joint/other) (2020) |
| Military equipment inventories and acquisitions | the inventory of the Armed Forces of Montenegro is small and consists mostly of equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, with a limited mix of other imported systems; since 2010, it has received small quantities of equipment from Austria, Turkey, and the US (2020) | the inventory of the Croatian Armed Forces consists mostly of Soviet-era equipment, although in recent years, it has acquired a limited number of more modern weapon systems from some Western suppliers, including Finland, Germany, and the US (2020) |
Transnational Issues
| Montenegro | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Disputes - international | Kosovo ratified the border demarcation agreement with Montenegro in March 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed | dispute remains with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several small sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Piranski Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led to Slovenia lifting its objections to Croatia joining the EU; Slovenia continues to impose a hard border Schengen regime with Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013 but has not yet fulfilled Schengen requirements |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons | stateless persons: 472 (2020) note: 19,643 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-August 2021) | stateless persons: 2,900 (2020) note: 727,610 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021); flows slowed considerably in 2017; Croatia is predominantly a transit country and hosts about 340 asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018 |
Environment
| Montenegro | Croatia | |
|---|---|---|
| Air pollutants | particulate matter emissions: 20.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 2.02 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 0.75 megatons (2020 est.) | particulate matter emissions: 17.03 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 17.49 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 3.98 megatons (2020 est.) |
| Total water withdrawal | municipal: 96.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 62.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 1.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.) | municipal: 455 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 184 million cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 76 million cubic meters (2017 est.) |
| Revenue from forest resources | forest revenues: 0.43% of GDP (2018 est.) | forest revenues: 0.26% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Revenue from coal | coal revenues: 0.12% of GDP (2018 est.) | coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Waste and recycling | municipal solid waste generated annually: 332,000 tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 17,994 tons (2015 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 5.4% (2015 est.) | municipal solid waste generated annually: 1.654 million tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 269,933 tons (2015 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 16.3% (2015 est.) |
Source: CIA Factbook
