Slovenia vs. Hungary
Introduction
| Slovenia | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Background | The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia was one of the republics in the restored Yugoslavia, which, though communist, soon distanced itself from the Soviet Union and spearheaded the Non-Aligned Movement. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a growing economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's postcommunist transition. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone and the Schengen zone in 2007. | Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later. |
Geography
| Slovenia | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Location | south Central Europe, Julian Alps between Austria and Croatia | Central Europe, northwest of Romania |
| Geographic coordinates | 46 07 N, 14 49 E | 47 00 N, 20 00 E |
| Map references | Europe | Europe |
| Area | total: 20,273 sq km land: 20,151 sq km water: 122 sq km | total: 93,028 sq km land: 89,608 sq km water: 3,420 sq km |
| Area - comparative | slightly smaller than New Jersey | slightly smaller than Virginia; about the same size as Indiana |
| Land boundaries | total: 1,211 km border countries (4): Austria 299 km, Croatia 600 km, Hungary 94 km, Italy 218 km | total: 2,106 km border countries (7): Austria 321 km, Croatia 348 km, Romania 424 km, Serbia 164 km, Slovakia 627 km, Slovenia 94 km, Ukraine 128 km |
| Coastline | 46.6 km | 0 km (landlocked) |
| Maritime claims | territorial sea: 12 nm | none (landlocked) |
| Climate | Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east | temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers |
| Terrain | a short southwestern coastal strip of Karst topography on the Adriatic; an alpine mountain region lies adjacent to Italy and Austria in the north; mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east | mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border |
| Elevation extremes | highest point: Triglav 2,864 m lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m mean elevation: 492 m | highest point: Kekes 1,014 m lowest point: Tisza River 78 m mean elevation: 143 m |
| Natural resources | lignite, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests | bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land |
| Land use | agricultural land: 22.8% (2018 est.) arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 13.1% (2018 est.) forest: 62.3% (2018 est.) other: 14.9% (2018 est.) | agricultural land: 58.9% (2018 est.) arable land: 48.5% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.) forest: 22.5% (2018 est.) other: 18.6% (2018 est.) |
| Irrigated land | 60 sq km (2012) | 1,721 sq km (2012) |
| Environment - current issues | air pollution from road traffic, domestic heating (wood buring), power generation, and industry; water pollution; biodiversity protection | air and water pollution are some of Hungary's most serious environmental problems; water quality in the Hungarian part of the Danube has improved but is still plagued by pollutants from industry and large-scale agriculture; soil pollution |
| Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protection |
| Geography - note | despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes | landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions |
| Total renewable water resources | 31.87 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) | 104 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) |
| Population distribution | a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere | a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations |
Demographics
| Slovenia | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 2,102,106 (July 2021 est.) | 9,728,337 (July 2021 est.) |
| Age structure | 0-14 years: 14.84% (male 160,134/female 151,960) 15-24 years: 9.01% (male 98,205/female 91,318) 25-54 years: 40.73% (male 449,930/female 406,395) 55-64 years: 14.19% (male 148,785/female 149,635) 65 years and over: 21.23% (male 192,420/female 253,896) (2020 est.) | 0-14 years: 14.54% (male 731,542/female 689,739) 15-24 years: 10.43% (male 526,933/female 492,388) 25-54 years: 42.17% (male 2,075,763/female 2,044,664) 55-64 years: 12.17% (male 552,876/female 636,107) 65 years and over: 20.69% (male 773,157/female 1,248,658) (2020 est.) |
| Median age | total: 44.9 years male: 43.4 years female: 46.6 years (2020 est.) | total: 43.6 years male: 41.5 years female: 45.5 years (2020 est.) |
| Population growth rate | -0.03% (2021 est.) | -0.29% (2021 est.) |
| Birth rate | 8.5 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 8.72 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Death rate | 10.34 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 12.88 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Net migration rate | 1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Sex ratio | at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.08 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.11 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2020 est.) | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2020 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate | total: 1.53 deaths/1,000 live births male: 1.64 deaths/1,000 live births female: 1.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) | total: 4.69 deaths/1,000 live births male: 5.02 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population: 81.61 years male: 78.73 years female: 84.6 years (2021 est.) | total population: 76.95 years male: 73.27 years female: 80.83 years (2021 est.) |
| Total fertility rate | 1.59 children born/woman (2021 est.) | 1.48 children born/woman (2021 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate | <.1% (2020 est.) | <.1% (2018 est.) |
| Nationality | noun: Slovene(s) adjective: Slovenian | noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian |
| Ethnic groups | Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 est.) | Hungarian 85.6%, Romani 3.2%, German 1.9%, other 2.6%, unspecified 14.1% (2011 est.) note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5-10% of Hungary's population |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | <1,000 (2020 est.) note: estimate does not include children | 3,700 (2018 est.) |
| Religions | Catholic 57.8%, Muslim 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 0.9%, unaffiliated 3.5%, other or unspecified 23%, none 10.1% (2002 est.) | Roman Catholic 37.2%, Calvinist 11.6%, Lutheran 2.2%, Greek Catholic 1.8%, other 1.9%, none 18.2%, no response 27.2% (2011 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths | <100 (2018 est.) | <100 (2018 est.) |
| Languages | Slovene (official) 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4%, Italian (official, only in municipalities where Italian national communities reside), Hungarian (official, only in municipalities where Hungarian national communities reside) (2002 est.) major-language sample(s): Svetovni informativni zvezek - neobhoden vir osnovnih informacij. (Slovene) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. | Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2%; note - shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers (2011 est.) major-language sample(s): A World Factbook nélkülözhetetlen forrása az alapveto információnak. (Hungarian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. |
| Literacy | definition: NA total population: 99.7% male: 99.7% female: 99.7% (2015) | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.1% male: 99.1% female: 99% (2015) |
| School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) | total: 18 years male: 17 years female: 18 years (2018) | total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 15 years (2018) |
| Education expenditures | 4.8% of GDP (2017) | 4.7% of GDP (2017) |
| Urbanization | urban population: 55.4% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) | urban population: 72.2% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) |
| Drinking water source | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2017 est.) |
| Sanitation facility access | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2017 est.) |
| Major cities - population | 286,000 LJUBLJANA (capital) (2018) | 1.772 million BUDAPEST (capital) (2021) |
| Maternal mortality rate | 7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) | 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) |
| Health expenditures | 8.3% (2018) | 6.7% (2018) |
| Physicians density | 3.09 physicians/1,000 population (2017) | 3.41 physicians/1,000 population (2018) |
| Hospital bed density | 4.5 beds/1,000 population (2017) | 7 beds/1,000 population (2017) |
| Obesity - adult prevalence rate | 20.2% (2016) | 26.4% (2016) |
| Mother's mean age at first birth | 28.9 years (2019 est.) | 28.3 years (2019 est.) |
| Dependency ratios | total dependency ratio: 55.9 youth dependency ratio: 23.6 elderly dependency ratio: 32.3 potential support ratio: 3.1 (2020 est.) | total dependency ratio: 46.9 youth dependency ratio: 22 elderly dependency ratio: 30.8 potential support ratio: 3.2 (2020 est.) |
Government
| Slovenia | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Country name | conventional long form: Republic of Slovenia conventional short form: Slovenia local long form: Republika Slovenija local short form: Slovenija former: People's Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia etymology: the country's name means "Land of the Slavs" in Slovene | conventional long form: none conventional short form: Hungary local long form: none local short form: Magyarorszag former: Kingdom of Hungary, Hungarian People's Republic, Hungarian Soviet Republic, Hungarian Republic etymology: the Byzantine Greeks refered to the tribes that arrived on the steppes of Eastern Europe in the 9th century as the "Oungroi," a name that was later Latinized to "Ungri" and which became "Hungari"; the name originally meant an "[alliance of] ten tribes"; the Hungarian name "Magyarorszag" means "Country of the Magyars"; the term may derive from the most prominent of the Hungarian tribes, the Megyer |
| Government type | parliamentary republic | parliamentary republic |
| Capital | name: Ljubljana geographic coordinates: 46 03 N, 14 31 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: likely related to the Slavic root "ljub", meaning "to like" or "to love"; by tradition, the name is related to the Slovene word "ljubljena" meaning "beloved" | name: Budapest geographic coordinates: 47 30 N, 19 05 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the Hungarian capital city was formed in 1873 from the merger of three cities on opposite banks of the Danube: Buda and Obuda (Old Buda) on the western shore and Pest on the eastern; the origins of the original names are obscure, but according to the second century A.D. geographer, Ptolemy, the settlement that would become Pest was called "Pession" in ancient times; "Buda" may derive from either a Slavic or Turkic personal name |
| Administrative divisions | 201 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 11 urban municipalities (mestne obcine, singular - mestna obcina) municipalities: Ajdovscina, Ankaran, Apace, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica, Cankova, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno, Cerkvenjak, Cirkulane, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca, Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Polhov Gradec, Dobrovnik/Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale, Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gorje, Gornja Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina, Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola/Isola, Jesenice, Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Kosanjevica na Krki, Kostel, Kozje, Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Krsko, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava/Lendva, Litija, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Log-Dragomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica, Majsperk, Makole, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Mokronog-Trebelno, Moravce, Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran/Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka, Poljcane, Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na Koroskem, Razkrizje, Recica ob Savinji, Rence-Vogrsko, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogaska Slatina, Rogasovci, Rogatec, Ruse, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic, Sevnica, Sezana, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sredisce ob Dravi, Starse, Straza, Sveta Ana, Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij ob Scavnici, Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Tomaz, Salovci, Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur, Sentrupert, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smarjeske Toplice, Smartno ob Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sostanj, Store, Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic, Trzin, Turnisce, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej, Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica, Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica, Zrece, Zuzemberk urban municipalities: Celje, Koper-Capodistria, Kranj, Ljubljana, Maribor, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, Ptuj, Slovenj Gradec, Velenje | 19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 23 cities with county rights (megyei jogu varosok, singular - megyei jogu varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros) counties: Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad-Csanad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala cities with county rights: Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Erd, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Salgotarjan, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szekszard, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg capital city: Budapest |
| Independence | 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia) | 16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established) |
| National holiday | Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991) | Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August (1083); note - commemorates his canonization and the transfer of his remains to Buda (now Budapest) in 1083 |
| Constitution | history: previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by Parliament 23 December 1991 amendments: proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members; passage in a referendum requires participation of a majority of eligible voters and a simple majority of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2016 | history: previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following the collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012 amendments: proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by parliamentary committee, or by Parliament members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament members and approval by the president; amended several times, last in 2018 |
| Legal system | civil law system | civil legal system influenced by the German model |
| Suffrage | 18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal | 18 years of age, 16 if married and marriage is registered in Hungary; universal |
| Executive branch | chief of state: President Borut PAHOR (since 22 December 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Janez JANSA (since 13 March 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 22 October with a runoff on 12 November 2017 (next election to be held by November 2022); following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually nominated prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly election results: Borut PAHOR is reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Borut PAHOR (independent) 47.1%, Marjan SAREC (Marjan Sarec List) 25%, Romana TOMC (SDS) 13.7%, Ljudmila NOVAK (NSi) 7.2%, other 7%; percent of vote in second round - Borut PAHOR 52.9%, Marjan SAREC 47.1%; Janez JANSA (SDS) elected prime minister on 3 March 2020, National Assembly vote - 52-31 | chief of state: President Janos ADER (since 10 May 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 March 2017 (next to be held spring 2022); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held on 10 May 2018 (next to be held by spring 2022) election results: Janos ADER (Fidesz) reelected president; National Assembly vote - 131 to 39; Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) reelected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 134 to 28 |
| Legislative branch | description: bicameral Parliament consists of: National Council or Drzavni Svet (40 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve 5-year terms); note - the Council is primarily an advisory body with limited legislative powers National Assembly or Drzavni Zbor (90 seats; 88 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 2 directly elected in special constituencies for Italian and Hungarian minorities by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms) elections: National Council - last held on 22 November 2017 (next to be held in 2022) National Assembly - last held on 3 June 2018 (next to be held no later than 2022) election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 36, women 4, percent of women 10% National Assembly - percent of vote by party - SDS 24.9%, LMS 12.7%, SD 9.9%, SMC 9.8%, Levica 9.3%, NSi 7.1%, Stranka AB 5.1%, DeSUS 4.9%, SNS 4.2%, other 12.1%; seats by party - SDS 25, LMS 13, SD 10, SMC 10, Levica 9, NSi 7, Stranka AB 5, DeSUS 5, SNS 4, Italian and Hungarian minorities 2; composition - men 68, women 22, percent of women 24.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 20% | description: unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (199 seats; 106 members directly elected in single-member constituencies by simple majority vote and 93 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by party list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) elections: last held on 8 April 2018 (next to be held in April 2022) election results: percent of vote by party list - Fidesz-KDNP 49.3%, Jobbik 19.1%, MSZP-PM 11.9%, LMP 7.1%, DK 5.4%, Momentum Movement 3.1%, Together 0.7%, LdU 0.5%, other 2.9%; seats by party - Fidesz 117, Jobbik 26, KDNP 16, MSZP 15, DK 9, LMP 8, PM 5, Together 1, LdU 1, independent 1; composition - men 174, women 25, percent of women 12.6% |
| Judicial branch | highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 37 judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor and social security, administrative, and registry departments); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges; other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council; Supreme Court judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic; Constitutional Court president selected from among its own membership for a 3-year term; other judges elected for single 9-year terms subordinate courts: county, district, regional, and high courts; specialized labor-related and social courts; Court of Audit; Administrative Court | highest courts: Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of the president, vice president, department heads, and approximately 91 judges and is organized into civil, criminal, and administrative-labor departments; Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president) judge selection and term of office: Curia president elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, a separate 15-member administrative body; judge tenure based on interim evaluations until normal retirement at age 62; Constitutional Court judges, including the president of the court, elected by the National Assembly; court vice president elected by the court itself; members serve 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 62 subordinate courts: 5 regional courts of appeal; 19 regional or county courts (including Budapest Metropolitan Court); 20 administrative-labor courts; 111 district or local courts |
| Political parties and leaders | Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS [Aleksandra PIVEC] List of Marjan Sarec or LMS [Marjan SAREC] Modern Center Party or SMC [Miro CERAR] New Slovenia or NSi [Matej TONIN] Party of Alenka Bratusek or Stranka AB [Alenka BRATUSEK] (formerly Alliance of Social Liberal Democrats or ZSD and before that Alliance of Alenka Bratusek or ZaAB) Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS [Janez JANSA] Slovenian National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC Plemeniti] Social Democrats or SD [Dejan ZIDAN] The Left or Levica [Luka MESEC] (successor to United Left or ZL) | Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN] Democratic Coalition or DK [Ferenc GYURCSANY] Dialogue for Hungary (Parbeszed) or PM [Gergely KARACSONY, Timea SZABO] Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN] Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Bertalan TOTH] Momentum Movement (Momentum Mozgalom) [Andras FEKETE-GYOR] Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Tamas SNEIDER] National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary or LdU [Olivia SCHUBERT] Politics Can Be Different or LMP [Marta DEMETER, Laszlo LORANT-KERESZTES] Together (Egyutt) |
| International organization participation | Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC | Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Tone KAJZER (since 23 December 2020) chancery: 2410 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 386-6601 FAX: [1] (202) 386-6633 email address and website: vwa@gov.si http://www.washington.embassy.si/index.php?id=51&L=1 consulate(s) general: Cleveland (OH) | chief of mission: Ambassador Szabolcs Ferenc TAKACS (since 23 December 2020) chancery: 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 362-6730 FAX: [1] (202) 966-8135 email address and website: info@mfa.gov.hu https://washington.mfa.gov.hu/eng consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Susan K. Falatko (since 20 January 2021) embassy: Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana mailing address: 7140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20521-7140 telephone: [386] (1) 200-5500 FAX: [386] (1) 200-5555 email address and website: LjubljanaACS@state.gov https://si.usembassy.gov/ | chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marc DILLARD (since 30 October 2020) embassy: Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest mailing address: 5270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270 telephone: [36] (1) 475-4400 FAX: [36] (1) 475-4248 email address and website: acs.budapest@state.gov https://hu.usembassy.gov/ |
| Flag description | three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the prominent Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands | three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country |
| National anthem | name: "Zdravljica" (A Toast) lyrics/music: France PRESEREN/Stanko PREMRL note: adopted in 1989 while still part of Yugoslavia; originally written in 1848; the full poem, whose seventh verse is used as the anthem, speaks of pan-Slavic nationalism | name: "Himnusz" (Hymn) lyrics/music: Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL note: adopted 1844 |
| International law organization participation | has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction | accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICC jurisdiction |
| National symbol(s) | Mount Triglav; national colors: white, blue, red | Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); national colors: red, white, green |
| Citizenship | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovenia; both parents if the child is born outside of Slovenia dual citizenship recognized: yes, for select cases residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years, the last 5 of which have been continuous | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Hungary dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years |
Economy
| Slovenia | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Economy - overview | With excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location between the Balkans and Western Europe, Slovenia has one of the highest per capita GDPs in Central Europe, despite having suffered a protracted recession in the 2008-09 period in the wake of the global financial crisis. Slovenia became the first 2004 EU entrant to adopt the euro (on 1 January 2007) and has experienced a stable political and economic transition.
In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank. In 2007, Slovenia was invited to begin the process for joining the OECD; it became a member in 2012. From 2014 to 2016, export-led growth, fueled by demand in larger European markets, pushed annual GDP growth above 2.3%. Growth reached 5.0% in 2017 and is projected to near or reach 5% in 2018. What used to be stubbornly high unemployment fell below 5.5% in early 2018, driven by strong exports and increasing consumption that boosted labor demand. Continued fiscal consolidation through increased tax collection and social security contributions will likely result in a balanced government budget in 2019.
Prime Minister CERAR's government took office in September 2014, pledging to press ahead with commitments to privatize a select group of state-run companies, rationalize public spending, and further stabilize the banking sector. Efforts to privatize Slovenia's largely state-owned banking sector have largely stalled, however, amid concerns about an ongoing dispute over Yugoslav-era foreign currency deposits. | Hungary has transitioned from a centrally planned to a market-driven economy with a per capita income approximately two thirds of the EU-28 average; however, in recent years the government has become more involved in managing the economy. Budapest has implemented unorthodox economic policies to boost household consumption and has relied on EU-funded development projects to generate growth.
Following the fall of communism in 1990, Hungary experienced a drop-off in exports and financial assistance from the former Soviet Union. Hungary embarked on a series of economic reforms, including privatization of state-owned enterprises and reduction of social spending programs, to shift from a centrally planned to a market-driven economy, and to reorient its economy towards trade with the West. These efforts helped to spur growth, attract investment, and reduce Hungary's debt burden and fiscal deficits. Despite these reforms, living conditions for the average Hungarian initially deteriorated as inflation increased and unemployment reached double digits. Conditions slowly improved over the 1990s as the reforms came to fruition and export growth accelerated. Economic policies instituted during that decade helped position Hungary to join the European Union in 2004. Hungary has not yet joined the euro-zone. Hungary suffered a historic economic contraction as a result of the global economic slowdown in 2008-09 as export demand and domestic consumption dropped, prompting it to take an IMF-EU financial assistance package.
Since 2010, the government has backpedaled on many economic reforms and taken a more populist approach towards economic management. The government has favored national industries and government-linked businesses through legislation, regulation, and public procurements. In 2011 and 2014, Hungary nationalized private pension funds, which squeezed financial service providers out of the system, but also helped Hungary curb its public debt and lower its budget deficit to below 3% of GDP, as subsequent pension contributions have been channeled into the state-managed pension fund. Hungary's public debt (at 74.5% of GDP) is still high compared to EU peers in Central Europe. Real GDP growth has been robust in the past few years due to increased EU funding, higher EU demand for Hungarian exports, and a rebound in domestic household consumption. To further boost household consumption ahead of the 2018 election, the government embarked on a six-year phased increase to minimum wages and public sector salaries, decreased taxes on foodstuffs and services, cut the personal income tax from 16% to 15%, and implemented a uniform 9% business tax for small and medium-sized enterprises and large companies. Real GDP growth slowed in 2016 due to a cyclical decrease in EU funding, but increased to 3.8% in 2017 as the government pre-financed EU funded projects ahead of the 2018 election.
Systemic economic challenges include pervasive corruption, labor shortages driven by demographic declines and migration, widespread poverty in rural areas, vulnerabilities to changes in demand for exports, and a heavy reliance on Russian energy imports. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity) | $81.614 billion (2019 est.) $79.095 billion (2018 est.) $75.773 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars | $321.869 billion (2019 est.) $307.778 billion (2018 est.) $291.995 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars |
| GDP - real growth rate | 2.4% (2019 est.) 4.24% (2018 est.) 5.14% (2017 est.) | 4.58% (2019 est.) 5.44% (2018 est.) 4.45% (2017 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP) | $39,088 (2019 est.) $38,139 (2018 est.) $36,670 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars | $32,945 (2019 est.) $31,485 (2018 est.) $29,832 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 1.8% (2017 est.) industry: 32.2% (2017 est.) services: 65.9% (2017 est.) | agriculture: 3.9% (2017 est.) industry: 31.3% (2017 est.) services: 64.8% (2017 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | 12% (2018 est.) | 12.3% (2018 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%: 3.8% highest 10%: 20.1% (2016) | lowest 10%: 3.3% highest 10%: 22.4% (2015) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 1.6% (2019 est.) 1.7% (2018 est.) 1.4% (2017 est.) | 3.3% (2019 est.) 2.8% (2018 est.) 2.3% (2017 est.) |
| Labor force | 885,000 (2020 est.) | 4.414 million (2020 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture: 5.5% industry: 31.2% services: 63.3% (2017 est.) | agriculture: 4.9% industry: 30.3% services: 64.5% (2015 est.) |
| Unemployment rate | 7.64% (2019 est.) 8.25% (2018 est.) | 3.45% (2019 est.) 3.71% (2018 est.) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 24.2 (2017 est.) 24.5 (2015) | 30.6 (2017 est.) 28.6 (2014) |
| Budget | revenues: 21.07 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 21.06 billion (2017 est.) | revenues: 61.98 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 64.7 billion (2017 est.) |
| Industries | ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools | mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles |
| Industrial production growth rate | 8.6% (2017 est.) | 7.4% (2017 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | milk, maize, wheat, grapes, barley, potatoes, poultry, apples, beef, pork | maize, wheat, milk, sunflower seed, barley, rapeseed, sugar beet, apples, pork, grapes |
| Exports | $49.872 billion (2019 est.) $48.001 billion (2018 est.) $45.096 billion (2017 est.) | $167.99 billion (2019 est.) $158.802 billion (2018 est.) $151.185 billion (2017 est.) |
| Exports - commodities | packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, electrical lighting/signaling equipment, electricity (2019) | cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, spark-ignition engines, video displays, broadcasting equipment (2019) |
| Exports - partners | Germany 18%, Italy 11%, Croatia 8%, Austria 7%, France 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019) | Germany 27%, Romania 5%, Italy 5%, Slovakia 5% (2019) |
| Imports | $45.489 billion (2019 est.) $43.637 billion (2018 est.) $40.625 billion (2017 est.) | $159.63 billion (2019 est.) $148.471 billion (2018 est.) $138.773 billion (2017 est.) |
| Imports - commodities | packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, electricity (2019) | cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, crude petroleum (2019) |
| Imports - partners | Germany 14%, Italy 12%, Austria 8%, Switzerland 8%, China 7% (2019) | Germany 25%, China 6%, Poland 6%, Austria 6%, Czechia 5%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019) |
| Debt - external | $48.656 billion (2019 est.) $50.004 billion (2018 est.) | $123.256 billion (2019 est.) $125.29 billion (2018 est.) |
| Exchange rates | euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.82771 (2020 est.) 0.90338 (2019 est.) 0.87789 (2018 est.) 0.885 (2014 est.) 0.7634 (2013 est.) | forints (HUF) per US dollar - 295.3276 (2020 est.) 299.4939 (2019 est.) 283.5923 (2018 est.) 279.33 (2014 est.) 232.6 (2013 est.) |
| Fiscal year | calendar year | calendar year |
| Public debt | 73.6% of GDP (2017 est.) 78.6% of GDP (2016 est.) note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the central, state, local government, and social security funds | 73.6% of GDP (2017 est.) 76% of GDP (2016 est.) note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and national, state, and local government and social security funds. |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | $889.9 million (31 December 2017 est.) $853 million (31 December 2016 est.) | $28 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $25.82 billion (31 December 2016 est.) |
| Current Account Balance | $3.05 billion (2019 est.) $3.17 billion (2018 est.) | -$392 million (2019 est.) $510 million (2018 est.) |
| GDP (official exchange rate) | $54.16 billion (2019 est.) | $163.251 billion (2019 est.) |
| Credit ratings | Fitch rating: A (2019) Moody's rating: A3 (2020) Standard & Poors rating: AA- (2019) | Fitch rating: BBB (2019) Moody's rating: Baa3 (2016) Standard & Poors rating: BBB (2019) |
| Ease of Doing Business Index scores | Overall score: 76.5 (2020) Starting a Business score: 93 (2020) Trading score: 100 (2020) Enforcement score: 54.8 (2020) | Overall score: 73.4 (2020) Starting a Business score: 88.2 (2020) Trading score: 100 (2020) Enforcement score: 71 (2020) |
| Taxes and other revenues | 43.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | 44.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
| Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) | 0% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | -2% (of GDP) (2017 est.) note: Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012, the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, recognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the Hungarian deficit increased above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening |
| Unemployment, youth ages 15-24 | total: 8.1% male: 7.4% female: 9.2% (2019 est.) | total: 11.4% male: 11.9% female: 10.6% (2019 est.) |
| GDP - composition, by end use | household consumption: 52.6% (2017 est.) government consumption: 18.2% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 18.4% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 1.1% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 82.3% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -72.6% (2017 est.) | household consumption: 49.6% (2017 est.) government consumption: 20% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 21.6% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 1% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 90.2% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -82.4% (2017 est.) |
| Gross national saving | 26.5% of GDP (2019 est.) 27.2% of GDP (2018 est.) 26.5% of GDP (2017 est.) | 27.8% of GDP (2019 est.) 26.9% of GDP (2018 est.) 24.8% of GDP (2017 est.) |
Energy
| Slovenia | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Electricity - production | 15.46 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 30.22 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - consumption | 13.4 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 39.37 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - exports | 7.972 billion kWh (2017 est.) | 5.24 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - imports | 8.359 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 17.95 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Oil - production | 5 bbl/day (2018 est.) | 16,000 bbl/day (2018 est.) |
| Oil - imports | 0 bbl/day (2017 est.) | 121,000 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Oil - exports | 0 bbl/day (2017 est.) | 2,713 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Oil - proved reserves | 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.) | 24 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves | NA cu m (2017 est.) | 6.598 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Natural gas - production | 8 million cu m (2017 est.) | 1.812 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption | 906.1 million cu m (2017 est.) | 10.39 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports | 2.832 million cu m (2017 est.) | 3.52 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports | 906.1 million cu m (2017 est.) | 13.37 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - installed generating capacity | 3.536 million kW (2016 est.) | 8.639 million kW (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from fossil fuels | 37% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) | 64% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from hydroelectric plants | 34% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from nuclear fuels | 20% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 22% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from other renewable sources | 9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 13% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - production | 0 bbl/day (2017 est.) | 152,400 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - consumption | 52,140 bbl/day (2017 est.) | 167,700 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - exports | 29,350 bbl/day (2017 est.) | 58,720 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - imports | 93,060 bbl/day (2017 est.) | 82,110 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Electricity access | electrification - total population: 100% (2020) | electrification - total population: 100% (2020) |
Telecommunications
| Slovenia | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Telephones - main lines in use | total subscriptions: 707,059 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 33.63 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 3,048,754 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31.16 (2019 est.) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | total subscriptions: 2,511,979 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 119.48 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 10,272,694 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2019 est.) |
| Internet country code | .si | .hu |
| Internet users | total: 1,676,445 percent of population: 79.75% (July 2018 est.) | total: 7,474,413 percent of population: 76.07% (July 2018 est.) |
| Telecommunication systems | general assessment: well-developed telecom infrastructure with sound regulatory intervention; increase in Internet community utilizing e-government, e-commerce, and e-health; government funds to improve broadband to more municipalities; high mobile penetration rate retaining customers with bundled products; extensive reach of 5G; FttP to 90% of premises; importer of broadcasting equipment from neighboring Central Europe (2021) (2020) domestic: fixed-line 34 per 100 and mobile-cellular 121 per 100 teledensity (2019) international: country code - 386 (2016) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments | general assessment: Hungary benefits from a well-developed telecom infrastructure, with adoption of 5G and upgrade of fixed networks to 1Gb/s service; fixed-line subscribership fell as subscribers migrated to mobile for voice and data; effective infrastructure-based competition, with an extensive cable network competing against DSL and expanding fiber sector; high mobile penetration and highest fixed broadband penetration rate in Eastern Europe; government supports private partnership in smart agriculture applications; as part of EU, fully liberalized and open to investment; broadcasting equipment is one of the country's top five imports, plus mobile phones, from China (2021) (2020) domestic: competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones, and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections, 31 per 100 persons, while mobile-cellular is 106 per 100 (2019) international: country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 (very small aperture terminal) VSAT system of ground terminals note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments |
| Broadband - fixed subscriptions | total: 627,939 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 29.87 (2019 est.) | total: 3,189,689 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32.6 (2019 est.) |
| Broadcast media | public TV broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV), operates a system of national and regional TV stations; 35 domestic commercial TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 60% of households are connected to multi-channel cable TV; public radio broadcaster operates 3 national and 4 regional stations; more than 75 regional and local commercial and non-commercial radio stations | mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 5 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 4 state-supported public-service radio networks; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition completed at the end of 2013; government-linked businesses have greatly consolidated ownership in broadcast and print media |
Transportation
| Slovenia | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Railways | total: 1,229 km (2014) standard gauge: 1,229 km 1.435-m gauge (503 km electrified) (2014) | total: 8,049 km (2014) standard gauge: 7,794 km 1.435-m gauge (2,889 km electrified) (2014) narrow gauge: 219 km 0.760-m gauge (2014) broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge (2014) |
| Roadways | total: 38,985 km (2012) paved: 38,985 km (includes 769 km of expressways) (2012) | total: 203,601 km (2014) paved: 77,087 km (includes 1,582 km of expressways) (2014) unpaved: 126,514 km (2014) |
| Waterways | (some transport on the Drava River) (2012) | 1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2011) |
| Pipelines | 1155 km gas, 5 km oil (2017) | 5874 km gas (high-pressure transmission system), 83732 km gas (low-pressure distribution network), 850 km oil, 1200 km refined products (2016) |
| Ports and terminals | major seaport(s): Koper | river port(s): Baja, Csepel (Budapest), Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Mohacs (Danube) |
| Merchant marine | total: 9 by type: other 9 (2020) | total: 1 by type: other 1 (2020) |
| Airports | total: 16 (2020) | total: 41 (2013) |
| Airports - with paved runways | total: 9 (2020) over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 3 | total: 20 (2017) over 3,047 m: 2 (2017) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 (2017) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 (2017) 914 to 1,523 m: 5 (2017) under 914 m: 1 (2017) |
| Airports - with unpaved runways | total: 7 (2020) 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 3 | total: 21 (2013) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 8 (2013) under 914 m: 11 (2013) |
| National air transport system | number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 21 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,094,762 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 540,000 mt-km (2018) | number of registered air carriers: 5 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 145 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 31,226,848 (2018) |
| Civil aircraft registration country code prefix | S5 | HA |
Military
| Slovenia | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Military branches | Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV): structured as a combined force with air, land, maritime, special operations, combat support, and combat service support elements (2021) | Hungarian Defense Forces: Land Forces (Army); Air Forces (note - both the air and land components are subordinate to a Joint Forces Combat Command); Logistics Center; Preparation and Training Command (2020) note: the Hungarian Defense Forces are organized into a joint force structure with ground, air, and logistic components |
| Military service age and obligation | 18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2003 (2019) | 18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 2005); 6-month service obligation (2019) |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | 1.1% of GDP (2020 est.) 1.06% of GDP (2019) 1.01% of GDP (2018) 0.98% of GDP (2017) 1% of GDP (2016) | 1.85% of GDP (2020 est.) 1.25% of GDP (2019) 1.01% of GDP (2018) 1.19% of GDP (2017) 1% of GDP (2016) |
| Military - note | Slovenia officially became a member of NATO in 2004 | Hungary joined NATO in 1999; Czechia, Hungary, and Poland were invited to begin accession talks at NATO's Madrid Summit in 1997 and in March 1999 they became the first former members of the Warsaw Pact to join the Alliance |
| Military and security service personnel strengths | the Slovenian Armed Forces have approximately 7,000 active duty troops (2020) | the Hungarian Defense Forces have approximately 25,000 active duty troops (20,000 Army; 5,000 Air Force) (2020) |
| Military equipment inventories and acquisitions | the inventory of the Slovenian Armed Forces is a mix of Soviet-era and limited quantities of more modern Western equipment; since 2010, it has received limited supplies of military equipment from Finland, France, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the US (2020) | the inventory of the Hungarian Defense Forces consists largely of Soviet-era weapons, with a smaller mix of more modern European and US equipment; since 2010, Hungary has received limited quantities of equipment from several European countries and the US (2020) |
| Military deployments | 230 Kosovo (NATO) (2021) | 160 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 150 Iraq (counter-ISIS coalition); 430 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2021) |
Transnational Issues
| Slovenia | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Disputes - international | since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Piran Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led Slovenia to lift its objections to Croatia joining the EU; in June 2017 the arbitration panel issued a ruling on the border that Croatia has not implemented; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia; Slovenia continues to impose a hard border Schengen regime with Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013 but has not yet fulfilled Schengen requirements | bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules |
| Illicit drugs | minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals | transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons | stateless persons: 10 (2020) note: 522,757 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-July 2021) | refugees (country of origin): 5,950 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015) stateless persons: 145 (2020) note: 432,744 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2018); Hungary is predominantly a transit country and hosts 137 migrants and asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018; 1,626 migrant arrivals in 2017 |
Environment
| Slovenia | Hungary | |
|---|---|---|
| Air pollutants | particulate matter emissions: 15.81 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 12.63 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 2.1 megatons (2020 est.) | particulate matter emissions: 15.62 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 45.54 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 7.25 megatons (2020 est.) |
| Total water withdrawal | municipal: 169.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 758 million cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 3.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.) | municipal: 624.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 3.358 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 518.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.) |
| Revenue from forest resources | forest revenues: 0.2% of GDP (2018 est.) | forest revenues: 0.1% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Revenue from coal | coal revenues: 0.03% of GDP (2018 est.) | coal revenues: 0.01% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Waste and recycling | municipal solid waste generated annually: 926,000 tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 430,034 tons (2015 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 46.4% (2015 est.) | municipal solid waste generated annually: 3.712 million tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 962,893 tons (2015 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 25.9% (2015 est.) |
Source: CIA Factbook
