Togo vs. Burkina Faso
Introduction
| Togo | Burkina Faso | |
|---|---|---|
| Background | From the 11th to the 16th centuries, various ethnic groups settled the Togo region. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the coastal region became a major slave trading center and the surrounding region took on the name of "The Slave Coast." In 1884, Germany declared a region including present-day Togo as a protectorate called Togoland. After World War I, rule over Togo was transferred to France. French Togoland became Togo upon independence in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, ruled Togo with a heavy hand for almost four decades. Despite the facade of multi-party elections instituted in the early 1990s, the government was largely dominated by President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party has been in power almost continually since 1967 and its successor, the Union for the Republic, maintains a majority of seats in today's legislature. Upon EYADEMA's death in February 2005, the military installed the president's son, Faure GNASSINGBE, and then engineered his formal election two months later. Democratic gains since then allowed Togo to hold its first relatively free and fair legislative elections in October 2007. Since 2007, President GNASSINGBE has started the country along a gradual path to democratic reform. Togo has since held multiple presidential and legislative elections deemed generally free and fair by international observers. Despite those positive moves, political reconciliation has moved slowly, and the country experiences periodic outbursts of violent protest by frustrated citizens. Recent constitutional changes to institute a runoff system in presidential elections and establish term limits has done little to reduce the resentment many Togolese feel after over 50 years of one-family rule. | Many of Burkina Faso's ethnic groups arrived in the region between the 12th and 15th centuries. The Gurma and Mossi peoples established several of the largest kingdoms in the area and used horse-mounted warriors in military campaigns. Of the various Mossi kingdoms, the most powerful were Ouagadougou and Yatenga. In the late 19th century, European states competed for control of the region. France eventually conquered the area and established it as a French protectorate. The area achieved independence from France in 1960 and changed its name to Burkina Faso in 1984. Repeated military coups were common in the country's first few decades. The last successful coup occurred in 1987 when Blaise COMPAORE deposed the former president, established a government, and ruled for 27 years. In October 2014, COMPAORE resigned following protests against his repeated efforts to amend the constitution's two-term presidential limit. An interim administration led a year-long transition period organizing presidential and legislative elections. In November 2015, Roch Marc Christian KABORE was elected president; he was reelected in November 2020. Terrorist groups - including groups affiliated with Al-Qa'ida and the Islamic State - began attacks in the country in 2016 and conducted attacks in the capital in 2016, 2017, and 2018. By late 2020, terrorist attacks had resulted in approximately 4,000 deaths and over 1 million internally displaced persons. In addition to terrorism, the country faces a myriad of problems including high population growth, recurring drought, pervasive and perennial food insecurity, and limited natural resources. It is one of the world's poorest countries.
|
Geography
| Togo | Burkina Faso | |
|---|---|---|
| Location | Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana | Western Africa, north of Ghana |
| Geographic coordinates | 8 00 N, 1 10 E | 13 00 N, 2 00 W |
| Map references | Africa | Africa |
| Area | total: 56,785 sq km land: 54,385 sq km water: 2,400 sq km | total: 274,200 sq km land: 273,800 sq km water: 400 sq km |
| Area - comparative | slightly smaller than West Virginia | slightly larger than Colorado |
| Land boundaries | total: 1,880 km border countries (3): Benin 651 km, Burkina Faso 131 km, Ghana 1098 km | total: 3,611 km border countries (6): Benin 386 km, Cote d'Ivoire 545 km, Ghana 602 km, Mali 1325 km, Niger 622 km, Togo 131 km |
| Coastline | 56 km | 0 km (landlocked) |
| Maritime claims | territorial sea: 30 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claim exclusive economic zone: 200 nm | none (landlocked) |
| Climate | tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north | three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert |
| Terrain | gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes | Mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in the west and southeast. Occupies an extensive plateau with savanna that is grassy in the north and gradually gives way to sparse forests in the south. (2019) |
| Elevation extremes | highest point: Mont Agou 986 m lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m mean elevation: 236 m | highest point: Tena Kourou 749 m lowest point: Mouhoun (Black Volta) River 200 m mean elevation: 297 m |
| Natural resources | phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land | gold, manganese, zinc, limestone, marble, phosphates, pumice, salt |
| Land use | agricultural land: 67.4% (2018 est.) arable land: 45.2% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 3.8% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 18.4% (2018 est.) forest: 4.9% (2018 est.) other: 27.7% (2018 est.) | agricultural land: 44.2% (2018 est.) arable land: 22% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 37% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 21.93% (2018 est.) forest: 19.3% (2018 est.) other: 36.5% (2018 est.) |
| Irrigated land | 70 sq km (2012) | 550 sq km (2016) |
| Natural hazards | hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts | recurring droughts |
| Environment - current issues | deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; very little rain forest still present and what remains is highly degraded; desertification; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas | recent droughts and desertification severely affecting agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy; overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation (2019) |
| Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban |
| Geography - note | the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna | landlocked savanna cut by the three principal rivers of the Black, Red, and White Voltas |
| Total renewable water resources | 14.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) | 13.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) |
| Population distribution | one of the more densely populated African nations with most of the population residing in rural communities, density is highest in the south on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map | Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this population distribution map |
Demographics
| Togo | Burkina Faso | |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 8,283,189 (July 2021 est.) note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected | 21,382,659 (July 2021 est.) note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected |
| Age structure | 0-14 years: 39.73% (male 1,716,667/female 1,703,230) 15-24 years: 19.03% (male 817,093/female 820,971) 25-54 years: 33.26% (male 1,423,554/female 1,439,380) 55-64 years: 4.42% (male 179,779/female 200,392) 65 years and over: 3.57% (male 132,304/female 175,074) (2020 est.) | 0-14 years: 43.58% (male 4,606,350/female 4,473,951) 15-24 years: 20.33% (male 2,121,012/female 2,114,213) 25-54 years: 29.36% (male 2,850,621/female 3,265,926) 55-64 years: 3.57% (male 321,417/female 423,016) 65 years and over: 3.16% (male 284,838/female 374,057) (2020 est.) |
| Median age | total: 20 years male: 19.7 years female: 20.3 years (2020 est.) | total: 17.9 years male: 17 years female: 18.7 years (2020 est.) |
| Population growth rate | 2.51% (2021 est.) | 2.58% (2021 est.) |
| Birth rate | 32.34 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 34.34 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Death rate | 5.39 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 7.92 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Net migration rate | -1.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) | -0.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Sex ratio | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2020 est.) | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.87 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.76 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2020 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate | total: 42.64 deaths/1,000 live births male: 47.4 deaths/1,000 live births female: 37.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) | total: 50.71 deaths/1,000 live births male: 55.05 deaths/1,000 live births female: 46.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population: 70.99 years male: 68.37 years female: 73.69 years (2021 est.) | total population: 63.06 years male: 61.28 years female: 64.89 years (2021 est.) |
| Total fertility rate | 4.28 children born/woman (2021 est.) | 4.39 children born/woman (2021 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate | 2% (2020 est.) | 0.7% (2020 est.) |
| Nationality | noun: Togolese (singular and plural) adjective: Togolese | noun: Burkinabe (singular and plural) adjective: Burkinabe |
| Ethnic groups | Adja-Ewe/Mina 42.4%, Kabye/Tem 25.9%, Para-Gourma/Akan 17.1%, Akposso/Akebu 4.1%, Ana-Ife 3.2%, other Togolese 1.7%, foreigners 5.2%, no response 0.4% (2013-14 est.) note: Togo has an estimated 37 ethnic groups | Mossi 52%, Fulani 8.4%, Gurma 7%, Bobo 4.9%, Gurunsi 4.6%, Senufo 4.5%, Bissa 3.7%, Lobi 2.4%, Dagara 2.4%, Tuareg/Bella 1.9%, Dioula 0.8%, unspecified/no answer 0.3%, other 7.2% (2010 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | 110,000 (2020 est.) | 97,000 (2020 est.) |
| Religions | Christian 42.3%, folk religion 36.9%, Muslim 14%, Hindu <1%, Buddhist <1%, Jewish <1%, other <1%, none 6.2% (2020 est.) | Muslim 63.2%, Roman Catholic 24.6%, Protestant 6.9%, traditional/animist 4.2%, none 0.7%, unspecified 0.4% (2017-18 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths | 3,000 (2020 est.) | 3,300 (2020 est.) |
| Languages | French (official, the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north) | French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population |
| Literacy | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 63.7% male: 77.3% female: 51.2% (2015) | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 41.2% male: 50.1% female: 32.7% (2018) |
| Major infectious diseases | degree of risk: very high (2020) food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever water contact diseases: schistosomiasis animal contact diseases: rabies respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis | degree of risk: very high (2020) food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria water contact diseases: schistosomiasis animal contact diseases: rabies respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis |
| School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) | total: 13 years male: 14 years female: 12 years (2017) | total: 9 years male: 9 years female: 9 years (2019) |
| Education expenditures | 5.4% of GDP (2018) | 5.4% of GDP (2018) |
| Urbanization | urban population: 43.4% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 3.6% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) | urban population: 31.2% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 4.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) |
| Drinking water source | improved: urban: 92.3% of population rural: 56% of population total: 70.9% of population unimproved: urban: 7.7% of population rural: 44% of population total: 29.1% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 94.9% of population rural: 67.9% of population total: 75.6% of population unimproved: urban: 4.5% of population rural: 32.1% of population total: 24.4% of population (2017 est.) |
| Sanitation facility access | improved: urban: 80.4% of population rural: 16.2% of population total: 41.6% of population unimproved: urban: 19.6% of population rural: 83.8% of population total: 57.4% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 88.2% of population rural: 30.2% of population total: 46.9% of population unimproved: urban: 11.8% of population rural: 69.8% of population total: 53.1% of population (2017 est.) |
| Major cities - population | 1.874 million LOME (capital) (2021) | 2.915 million OUAGADOUGOU (capital), 1.020 million Bobo-Dioulasso (2021) |
| Maternal mortality rate | 396 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) | 320 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) |
| Children under the age of 5 years underweight | 15.2% (2017) | 16.4% (2019) |
| Health expenditures | 6.2% (2017) | 5.6% (2018) |
| Physicians density | 0.08 physicians/1,000 population (2018) | 0.09 physicians/1,000 population (2017) |
| Hospital bed density | 0.7 beds/1,000 population (2011) | 0.4 beds/1,000 population (2010) |
| Obesity - adult prevalence rate | 8.4% (2016) | 5.6% (2016) |
| Mother's mean age at first birth | 20.9 years (2013/14 est.) note: median age at first birth among women 25-49 | 19.4 years (2010 est.) note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 |
| Demographic profile | Togo's population is estimated to have grown to four times its size between 1960 and 2010. With nearly 60% of its populace under the age of 25 and a high annual growth rate attributed largely to high fertility, Togo's population is likely to continue to expand for the foreseeable future. Reducing fertility, boosting job creation, and improving education will be essential to reducing the country's high poverty rate. In 2008, Togo eliminated primary school enrollment fees, leading to higher enrollment but increased pressure on limited classroom space, teachers, and materials. Togo has a good chance of achieving universal primary education, but educational quality, the underrepresentation of girls, and the low rate of enrollment in secondary and tertiary schools remain concerns. Togo is both a country of emigration and asylum. In the early 1990s, southern Togo suffered from the economic decline of the phosphate sector and ethnic and political repression at the hands of dictator Gnassingbe EYADEMA and his northern, Kabye-dominated administration. The turmoil led 300,000 to 350,000 predominantly southern Togolese to flee to Benin and Ghana, with most not returning home until relative stability was restored in 1997. In 2005, another outflow of 40,000 Togolese to Benin and Ghana occurred when violence broke out between the opposition and security forces over the disputed election of EYADEMA's son Faure GNASSINGBE to the presidency. About half of the refugees reluctantly returned home in 2006, many still fearing for their safety. Despite ethnic tensions and periods of political unrest, Togo in September 2017 was home to more than 9,600 refugees from Ghana. | Burkina Faso has a young age structure - the result of declining mortality combined with steady high fertility - and continues to experience rapid population growth, which is putting increasing pressure on the country's limited arable land. More than 65% of the population is under the age of 25, and the population is growing at 3% annually. Mortality rates, especially those of infants and children, have decreased because of improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation, but women continue to have an average of almost 6 children. Even if fertility were substantially reduced, today's large cohort entering their reproductive years would sustain high population growth for the foreseeable future. Only about a third of the population is literate and unemployment is widespread, dampening the economic prospects of Burkina Faso's large working-age population. Migration has traditionally been a way of life for Burkinabe, with seasonal migration being replaced by stints of up to two years abroad. Cote d'Ivoire remains the top destination, although it has experienced periods of internal conflict. Under French colonization, Burkina Faso became a main labor source for agricultural and factory work in Cote d'Ivoire. Burkinabe also migrated to Ghana, Mali, and Senegal for work between the world wars. Burkina Faso attracts migrants from Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Mali, who often share common ethnic backgrounds with the Burkinabe. Despite its food shortages and high poverty rate, Burkina Faso has become a destination for refugees in recent years and hosts about 33,500 Malians as of May 2017. (2018) |
| Contraceptive prevalence rate | 23.9% (2017) | 30.1% (2020) |
| Dependency ratios | total dependency ratio: 77.1 youth dependency ratio: 72 elderly dependency ratio: 5.1 potential support ratio: 19.4 (2020 est.) | total dependency ratio: 87.9 youth dependency ratio: 83.4 elderly dependency ratio: 4.5 potential support ratio: 22.1 (2020 est.) |
Government
| Togo | Burkina Faso | |
|---|---|---|
| Country name | conventional long form: Togolese Republic conventional short form: Togo local long form: Republique Togolaise local short form: none former: French Togoland etymology: derived from the Ewe words "to" (river) and "godo" (on the other side) to give the sense of "on the other side of the river"; originally, this designation applied to the town of Togodo (now Togoville) on the northern shore of Lake Togo, but the name was eventually extended to the entire nation | conventional long form: none conventional short form: Burkina Faso local long form: none local short form: Burkina Faso former: Upper Volta, Republic of Upper Volta etymology: name translates as "Land of the Honest (Incorruptible) Men" |
| Government type | presidential republic | presidential republic |
| Capital | name: Lome geographic coordinates: 6 07 N, 1 13 E time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: Lome comes from "alotime" which in the native Ewe language means "among the alo plants"; alo trees dominated the city's original founding site | name: Ouagadougou geographic coordinates: 12 22 N, 1 31 W time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the native name "Wogodogo," meaning "where people get honor and respect" |
| Administrative divisions | 5 regions (regions, singular - region); Centrale, Kara, Maritime, Plateaux, Savanes | 13 regions; Boucle du Mouhoun, Cascades, Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Centre-Sud, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Nord, Plateau-Central, Sahel, Sud-Ouest |
| Independence | 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship) | 5 August 1960 (from France) |
| National holiday | Independence Day, 27 April (1960) | Republic Day, 11 December (1958); note - commemorates the day that Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French Community |
| Constitution | history: several previous; latest adopted 27 September 1992, effective 14 October 1992 amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one fifth of the National Assembly membership; passage requires four-fifths majority vote by the Assembly; a referendum is required if approved by only two-thirds majority of the Assembly or if requested by the president; constitutional articles on the republican and secular form of government cannot be amended; amended 2002, 2007, last in 2019 when the National Assembly unanimously approved a package of amendments, including setting presidential term limits of two 5-year mandates | history: several previous; latest approved by referendum 2 June 1991, adopted 11 June 1991, temporarily suspended late October to mid-November 2014; initial draft of a new constitution to usher in the new republic was completed in January 2017 and a final draft was submitted to the government in December 2017; a constitutional referendum originally scheduled for adoption in March 2019 has been postponed amendments: proposed by the president, by a majority of National Assembly membership, or by petition of at least 30,000 eligible voters submitted to the Assembly; passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote in the Assembly; failure to meet that threshold requires majority voter approval in a referendum; constitutional provisions on the form of government, the multiparty system, and national sovereignty cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2012 |
| Legal system | customary law system | civil law based on the French model and customary law; in mid-2019, the National Assembly amended the penal code |
| Suffrage | 18 years of age; universal | 18 years of age; universal |
| Executive branch | chief of state: President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 4 May 2005) head of government: Prime Minister Victoire Tomegah DOGBE (since 28 September 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 22 February 2020 (next to be held February 2025); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Faure GNASSINGBE reelected president; percent of vote - Faure GNASSINGBE (UNIR) 72.4%, Agbeyome KODJO (MPDD) 18.4%, Jean-Pierre FABRE (ANC) 4.4%, other 5% | chief of state: President Roch Marc Christian KABORE (since 29 December 2015; re-elected 22 November 2020) head of government: Prime Minister Christophe DABIRE (since 24 January 2019) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections/appointments: president elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second); last held on 22 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2025); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of the National Assembly election results: Roch Marc Christian KABORE reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Roch Marc Christian KABORE (MPP) 57.9%, Eddie KOMBOIGO (CDP) 15.5%, Zephirin DIABRE (UPC)12.5%, other 14.1% |
| Legislative branch | description: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (91 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed, party-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms) elections: last held on 20 December 2018 (next to be held in 2023) election results: percent of vote by coalition/party - NA; seats by party - UNIR 59, UFC 6, NET 3, MPDD 3, other 2, independent 18; composition - men 75, women 16, percent of women 17.6% | description: unicameral National Assembly (127 seats; 111 members directly elected in 13 multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote and 26 members elected in a nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; all member serve 5-year terms) elections: last held on 22 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2025) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party (preliminary results) - MPP 56, CDP 20, NTD 13, UPC 12 |
| Judicial branch | highest courts: Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (organized into criminal and administrative chambers, each with a chamber president and advisors); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, including the court president) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president appointed by decree of the president of the republic upon the proposal of the Supreme Council of the Magistracy, a 9-member judicial, advisory, and disciplinary body; other judicial appointments and judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly; judge tenure NA subordinate courts: Court of Assizes (sessions court); Appeal Court; tribunals of first instance (divided into civil, commercial, and correctional chambers; Court of State Security; military tribunal | highest courts: Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation (consists of NA judges); Council of State (consists of NA judges); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (consists of the council president and 9 members) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judge appointments mostly controlled by the president of Burkina Faso; judges have no term limits; Council of State judge appointment and tenure NA; Constitutional Council judges appointed by the president of Burkina Faso upon the proposal of the minister of justice and the president of the National Assembly; judges appointed for 9-year terms with one-third of membership renewed every 3 years subordinate courts: Appeals Court; High Court; first instance tribunals; district courts; specialized courts relating to issues of labor, children, and juveniles; village (customary) courts |
| Political parties and leaders | Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yaovi AGBOYIBO] Alliance of Democrats for Integral Development or ADDI [Tchaboure GOGUE] Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA [Brigitte ADJAMAGBO-JOHNSON] Democratic Forces for the Republic or FDR [Dodji APEVON] National Alliance for Change or ANC [Jean-Pierre FABRE] New Togolese Commitment [Gerry TAAMA] Pan-African National Party or PNP [Tikpi ATCHADAM] Pan-African Patriotic Convergence or CPP [Edem KODJO] Patriotic Movement for Democracy and Development or MPDD [Agbeyome KODJO] Socialist Pact for Renewal or PSR [Abi TCHESSA] The Togolese Party [Nathaniel OLYMPIO] Union of Forces for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO] Union for the Republic or UNIR [Faure GNASSINGBE] | African Democratic Rally/Alliance for Democracy and Federation or ADF/RDA [Gilbert Noel OUEDRAOGO] African People's Movement or MAP [Victorien TOUGOUMA] Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Eddie KOMBOIGO] Le Faso Autrement [Ablasse OUEDRAOGO] New Alliance of the Faso or NAFA [Mahamoudou DICKO] New Time for Democracy or NTD [Vincent DABILGOU] Organization for Democracy and Work or ODT [Anatole BONKOUNGOU] Party for Development and Change or PDC [Aziz SEREME] Party for Democracy and Progress-Socialist Party or PDP-PS [Drabo TORO] Party for Democracy and Socialism/Metba or PDS/Metba [Philippe OUEDRAOGO] Party for National Renaissance or PAREN [Michel BERE] People's Movement for Progress or MPP [Simon COMPAORE] Rally for Democracy and Socialism or RDS [Francois OUEDRAOGO] Rally for the Development of Burkina or RDB [Celestin Saidou COMPAORE] Rally of Ecologists of Burkina Faso or RDEB [Adama SERE] Soleil d'Avenir [Abdoulaye SOMA] Union for a New Burkina or UBN [Diemdioda DICKO] Union for Progress and Change or UPC [Zephirin DIABRE] Union for Rebirth - Sankarist Party or UNIR-MS [Benewende Stanislas SANKARA] Union for the Republic or UPR [Toussaint Abel COULIBALY] Youth Alliance for the Republic and Independence or AJIR [Adama KANAZOE] |
| International organization participation | ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO | ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Frederic Edem HEGBE (since 24 April 2017) chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-4212 FAX: [1] (202) 232-3190 email address and website: embassyoftogo@hotmail.com https://embassyoftogousa.com/ | chief of mission: Ambassador Seydou KABORE (since 18 January 2017) chancery: 2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-5577 FAX: [1] (202) 667-1882 email address and website: contact@burkina-usa.org https://burkina-usa.org/ |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Eric W. STROHMAYER (since 11 April 2019) embassy: Boulevard Eyadema, B.P. 852, Lome mailing address: 2300 Lome Place, Washington, DC 20521-2300 telephone: [228] 2261-5470 FAX: [228] 2261-5501 email address and website: consularLome@state.gov https://tg.usembassy.gov/ | chief of mission: Ambassador Sandra E. CLARK (since 25 September 2020) embassy: Secteur 15, Ouaga 2000, Avenue Sembene Ousmane, Rue 15.873, Ouagadougou mailing address: 2440 Ouagadougou Place, Washington, DC 20521-2440 telephone: (226) 25-49-53-00 FAX: (226) 25-49-56-23 email address and website: ouagaACS@state.gov https://bf.usembassy.gov/ |
| Flag description | five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner; the five horizontal stripes stand for the five different regions of the country; the red square is meant to express the loyalty and patriotism of the people, green symbolizes hope, fertility, and agriculture, while yellow represents mineral wealth and faith that hard work and strength will bring prosperity; the star symbolizes life, purity, peace, dignity, and Togo's independence note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia | two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; red recalls the country's struggle for independence, green is for hope and abundance, and yellow represents the country's mineral wealth note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia |
| National anthem | name: "Salut a toi, pays de nos aieux" (Hail to Thee, Land of Our Forefathers) lyrics/music: Alex CASIMIR-DOSSEH note: adopted 1960, restored 1992; this anthem was replaced by another during one-party rule between 1979 and 1992 | name: "Le Ditanye" (Anthem of Victory) lyrics/music: Thomas SANKARA note: adopted 1974; also known as "Une Seule Nuit" (One Single Night); written by the country's former president, an avid guitar player |
| International law organization participation | accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt | has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction |
| National symbol(s) | lion; national colors: green, yellow, red, white | white stallion; national colors: red, yellow, green |
| Citizenship | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Togo dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Burkina Faso dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years |
Economy
| Togo | Burkina Faso | |
|---|---|---|
| Economy - overview | Togo has enjoyed a period of steady economic growth fueled by political stability and a concerted effort by the government to modernize the country's commercial infrastructure, but discontent with President Faure GNASSINGBE has led to a rapid rise in protests, creating downside risks. The country completed an ambitious large-scale infrastructure improvement program, including new principal roads, a new airport terminal, and a new seaport. The economy depends heavily on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, providing employment for around 60% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be imported. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton and other agricultural products generate about 20% of export earnings with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo is among the world's largest producers of phosphate and seeks to develop its carbonate phosphate reserves, which provide more than 20% of export earnings. Supported by the World Bank and the IMF, the government's decade-long effort to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has moved slowly. Togo completed its IMF Extended Credit Facility in 2011 and reached a Heavily Indebted Poor Country debt relief completion point in 2010 at which 95% of the country's debt was forgiven. Togo continues to work with the IMF on structural reforms, and in January 2017, the IMF signed an Extended Credit Facility arrangement consisting of a three-year $238 million loan package. Progress depends on follow through on privatization, increased transparency in government financial operations, progress toward legislative elections, and continued support from foreign donors. Togo's 2017 economic growth probably remained steady at 5.0%, largely driven by infusions of foreign aid, infrastructure investment in its port and mineral industry, and improvements in the business climate. Foreign direct investment inflows have slowed in recent years. | Burkina Faso is a poor, landlocked country that depends on adequate rainfall. Irregular patterns of rainfall, poor soil, and the lack of adequate communications and other infrastructure contribute to the economy's vulnerability to external shocks. About 80% of the population is engaged in subsistence farming and cotton is the main cash crop. The country has few natural resources and a weak industrial base. Cotton and gold are Burkina Faso's key exports - gold has accounted for about three-quarters of the country's total export revenues. Burkina Faso's economic growth and revenue depends largely on production levels and global prices for the two commodities. The country has seen an upswing in gold exploration, production, and exports. In 2016, the government adopted a new development strategy, set forth in the 2016-2020 National Plan for Economic and Social Development, that aims to reduce poverty, build human capital, and to satisfy basic needs. A new three-year IMF program (2018-2020), approved in 2018, will allow the government to reduce the budget deficit and preserve critical spending on social services and priority public investments. While the end of the political crisis has allowed Burkina Faso's economy to resume positive growth, the country's fragile security situation could put these gains at risk. Political insecurity in neighboring Mali, unreliable energy supplies, and poor transportation links pose long-term challenges. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity) | $12.904 billion (2019 est.) $12.25 billion (2018 est.) $11.674 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars | $44.266 billion (2019 est.) $41.879 billion (2018 est.) $39.238 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars |
| GDP - real growth rate | 4.4% (2017 est.) 5.1% (2016 est.) 5.7% (2015 est.) | 6.4% (2017 est.) 5.9% (2016 est.) 3.9% (2015 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP) | $1,597 (2019 est.) $1,553 (2018 est.) $1,517 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars | $2,178 (2019 est.) $2,120 (2018 est.) $2,044 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 28.8% (2017 est.) industry: 21.8% (2017 est.) services: 49.8% (2017 est.) | agriculture: 31% (2017 est.) industry: 23.9% (2017 est.) services: 44.9% (2017 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | 55.1% (2015 est.) | 41.4% (2018 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%: 3.3% highest 10%: 27.1% (2006) | lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 32.2% (2009 est.) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 0.6% (2019 est.) 0.9% (2018 est.) -0.9% (2017 est.) | -3.2% (2019 est.) 1.9% (2018 est.) 1.4% (2017 est.) |
| Labor force | 2.595 million (2007 est.) | 8.501 million (2016 est.) note: a large part of the male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment |
| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture: 65% industry: 5% services: 30% (1998 est.) | agriculture: 90% industry and services: 10% (2000 est.) |
| Unemployment rate | 6.9% (2016 est.) | 77% (2004) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 43.1 (2015 est.) | 35.3 (2014 est.) 48.2 (1994) |
| Budget | revenues: 1.023 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 1.203 billion (2017 est.) | revenues: 2.666 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 3.655 billion (2017 est.) |
| Industries | phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages | cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, gold |
| Industrial production growth rate | 5% (2017 est.) | 10.4% (2017 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | cassava, maize, yams, sorghum, beans, oil palm fruit, rice, vegetables, cotton, groundnuts | sorghum, maize, millet, cotton, cow peas, sugar cane, groundnuts, rice, sesame seed, vegetables |
| Exports | $1.862 billion (2018 est.) $1.881 billion (2017 est.) | $3.902 billion (2018 est.) $3.954 billion (2017 est.) |
| Exports - commodities | refined petroleum, crude petroleum, electricity, calcium phosphates, cotton (2019) | gold, cotton, zinc, cashews, sesame seeds (2019) |
| Exports - partners | India 16%, Benin 15%, Burkina Faso 6%, France 6%, Morocco 5% (2019) | Switzerland 59%, India 21% (2019) |
| Imports | $2.911 billion (2018 est.) $2.789 billion (2017 est.) | $5.294 billion (2019 est.) $5.381 billion (2018 est.) $5.3 billion (2017 est.) |
| Imports - commodities | refined petroleum, motorcycles, crude petroleum, rice, broadcasting equipment (2019) | refined petroleum, delivery trucks, packaged medicines, electricity, aircraft (2019) |
| Imports - partners | China 18%, South Korea 13%, India 11%, Belgium 10%, Netherlands 8%, United States 5% (2019) | Cote d'Ivoire 15%, China 9%, Ghana 8%, France 8%, India 6%, United States 5% (2019) |
| Debt - external | $1.442 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $1.22 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $3.056 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $2.88 billion (31 December 2016 est.) |
| Exchange rates | Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 617.4 (2017 est.) 593.01 (2016 est.) 593.01 (2015 est.) 591.45 (2014 est.) 494.42 (2013 est.) | Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 605.3 (2017 est.) 593.01 (2016 est.) 593.01 (2015 est.) 591.45 (2014 est.) 494.42 (2013 est.) |
| Fiscal year | calendar year | calendar year |
| Public debt | 75.7% of GDP (2017 est.) 81.6% of GDP (2016 est.) | 38.1% of GDP (2017 est.) 38.3% of GDP (2016 est.) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | $77.8 million (31 December 2017 est.) $42.6 million (31 December 2016 est.) | $49 million (31 December 2017 est.) $50.9 million (31 December 2016 est.) |
| Current Account Balance | -$383 million (2017 est.) -$416 million (2016 est.) | -$1.019 billion (2017 est.) -$820 million (2016 est.) |
| GDP (official exchange rate) | $5.232 billion (2018 est.) | $14.271 billion (2018 est.) |
| Credit ratings | Moody's rating: B3 (2019) Standard & Poors rating: B (2019) | Standard & Poors rating: B (2017) |
| Ease of Doing Business Index scores | Overall score: 62.3 (2020) Starting a Business score: 95.1 (2020) Trading score: 63.7 (2020) Enforcement score: 49 (2020) | Overall score: 51.4 (2020) Starting a Business score: 88.2 (2020) Trading score: 66.6 (2020) Enforcement score: 41.1 (2020) |
| Taxes and other revenues | 21.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | 21.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
| Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) | -3.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | -7.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
| Unemployment, youth ages 15-24 | total: 9.5% male: 12.3% female: 7.4% (2017 est.) | total: 8.6% male: 8.9% female: 8.4% (2019) |
| GDP - composition, by end use | household consumption: 84.5% (2017 est.) government consumption: 11.4% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 23.4% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: -1.4% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 43.1% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -61% (2017 est.) | household consumption: 56.5% (2017 est.) government consumption: 23.9% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 24.6% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 1% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 28.4% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -34.4% (2017 est.) |
| Gross national saving | 21.7% of GDP (2018 est.) 21.4% of GDP (2017 est.) 21.2% of GDP (2015 est.) | 17.4% of GDP (2018 est.) 14.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 8.5% of GDP (2016 est.) |
Energy
| Togo | Burkina Faso | |
|---|---|---|
| Electricity - production | 232.6 million kWh (2016 est.) | 990 million kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - consumption | 1.261 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 1.551 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - exports | 0 kWh (2016 est.) | 0 kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - imports | 1.14 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 630 million kWh (2016 est.) |
| Oil - production | 0 bbl/day (2018 est.) | 0 bbl/day (2018 est.) |
| Oil - imports | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Oil - exports | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Oil - proved reserves | 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.) | 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves | 0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.) | 0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.) |
| Natural gas - production | 0 cu m (2017 est.) | 0 cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption | 0 cu m (2017 est.) | 0 cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports | 0 cu m (2017 est.) | 0 cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports | 0 cu m (2017 est.) | 0 cu m (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - installed generating capacity | 230,000 kW (2016 est.) | 342,400 kW (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from fossil fuels | 70% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) | 80% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from hydroelectric plants | 29% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from nuclear fuels | 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from other renewable sources | 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 12% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - production | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - consumption | 15,000 bbl/day (2016 est.) | 23,000 bbl/day (2016 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - exports | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - imports | 13,100 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 23,580 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Electricity access | electrification - total population: 43% (2019) electrification - urban areas: 77% (2019) electrification - rural areas: 19% (2019) | electrification - total population: 22% (2019) electrification - urban areas: 69% (2019) electrification - rural areas: 2% (2019) |
Telecommunications
| Togo | Burkina Faso | |
|---|---|---|
| Telephones - main lines in use | total subscriptions: 43,605 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 75,291 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2019 est.) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | total subscriptions: 6,239,183 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 79.25 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 20,364,508 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 100.39 (2019 est.) |
| Internet country code | .tg | .bf |
| Internet users | total: 1,010,609 percent of population: 12.36% (July 2018 est.) | total: 3,158,834 percent of population: 16% (July 2018 est.) |
| Telecommunication systems | general assessment: system based on a network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobile-cellular system; telecoms supply 8% of GDP; 3 mobile operators; 12% of residents have access to the Internet; mobile subscribers and mobile broadband both increasing (2020) domestic: fixed-line less than 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular 77 telephones per 100 persons with mobile-cellular use predominating (2019) international: country code - 228; landing point for the WACS submarine cable, linking countries along the west coast of Africa with each other and with Portugal; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Symphonie (2020) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments | general assessment: Burkina Faso's telecom services are some of the most expensive in the world, hindered by regulatory procedures, insufficient mobile spectrum, poor fixed-line networks; mobile telephony but below African average; Internet is provided by mobile operators; Internet penetration is low and expensive, despite improved international bandwidth via fiber links through submarine cables to adjacent countries; increased telecom tax; government infrastructure project largely completed; parliament launched inquiry on mobile network infrastructure coverage, pricing of services, and quality of service; government began computer subsidy program for university students; government progressed with large project to provide metropolitan fiber-optic infrastructure (2021) (2020)domestic: fixed-line connections stand at less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage 100 per 100, with multiple providers there is competition and the hope for growth from a low base; Internet penetration is 11% countrywide, but higher in urban areas (2019) international: country code - 226; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments |
| Broadband - fixed subscriptions | total: 31,899 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2018 est.) | total: 12,015 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2018 est.) |
| Broadcast media | 1 state-owned TV station with multiple transmission sites; five private TV stations broadcast locally; cable TV service is available; state-owned radio network with two stations (in Lome and Kara); several dozen private radio stations and a few community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters available (2019) | since the official inauguration of Terrestrial Digital Television (TNT) in December 2017, Burkina Faso now has 14 digital TV channels among which 2 are state-owned; there are more than 140 radio stations (commercial, religious, community) available throughout the country including a national and regional state-owned network; the state-owned Radio Burkina and the private Radio Omega are among the most widespread stations and both include broadcasts in French and local languages (2019) |
Transportation
| Togo | Burkina Faso | |
|---|---|---|
| Railways | total: 568 km (2014) narrow gauge: 568 km 1.000-m gauge (2014) | total: 622 km (2014) narrow gauge: 622 km 1.000-m gauge (2014) note: another 660 km of this railway extends into Cote d'Ivoire |
| Roadways | total: 11,734 km (2081) paved: 1,794 km (2018) unpaved: 8,157 km (2018) urban: 1,783 km (2018) | total: 15,304 km (2014) paved: 3,642 km (2014) unpaved: 11,662 km (2014) |
| Airports | total: 8 (2013) | total: 23 (2013) |
| Airports - with paved runways | total: 2 (2019) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 | total: 2 (2019) over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 |
| Airports - with unpaved runways | total: 6 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2013) under 914 m: 2 (2013) | total: 21 (2013) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 13 (2013) under 914 m: 5 (2013) |
| National air transport system | number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 8 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 566,295 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 10.89 million mt-km (2018) | number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 3 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 151,531 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 100,000 mt-km (2018) |
| Civil aircraft registration country code prefix | 5V | XT |
Military
| Togo | Burkina Faso | |
|---|---|---|
| Military branches | Togolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Togolaise, FAT): Togolese Army (l'Armee de Terre), Togolese Navy (Forces Naval Togolaises), Togolese Air Force (Armee de l'Air), National Gendarmerie (2021) | Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF): Army of Burkina Faso (L'Armee de Terre, LAT), Air Force of Burkina Faso (Force Aerienne de Burkina Faso, FABF), National Gendarmerie; Volunteers for the Defense of the Fatherland (a civilian defense force established in 2019 to act as auxiliaries to the military in the fight against militants) (2021) note: the National Gendarmerie officially reports to the Ministry of Defense, but usually operates in support of the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of Justice; Gendarmerie troops are typically integrated with Army forces in anti-terrorism operations; for example, Gendarmerie, Army, and police forces were combined to form a 1,500-member task force known as the Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes (GFAT) to address terrorist activities along the country's northern border in 2013 |
| Military service age and obligation | 18 years of age for military service; 2-year service obligation; the military is an all-volunteer force (2021) | 18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women may serve in supporting roles (2019) |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | 2% of GDP (2020 est.) 3.1% of GDP (2019) 2% of GDP (2018) 1.9% of GDP (2017) 1.8% of GDP (2016) | 2.4% of GDP (2019) 2.1% of GDP (2018) 1.4% of GDP (2017) 1.2% of GDP (2016) 1.3% of GDP (2015) |
| Military and security service personnel strengths | the Togolese Armed Forces (FAT) are comprised of approximately 9,000 personnel (2021) | the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF) have approximately 12,000 personnel (7,000 Army; 500 Air Force; 4,500 National Gendarmerie) (2021) |
| Military equipment inventories and acquisitions | the FAT's small inventory is a mix of older equipment from a variety of countries, including Brazil, France, Germany, Russia/former Soviet Union, the UK, and the US; since 2010, France is the leading supplier of military hardware to Togo (2020) | the FABF has a mix of foreign-supplied weapons; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of mostly donated second-hand equipment from more than 10 countries (2020) |
| Military deployments | 925 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021) | 1,075 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021) |
Transnational Issues
| Togo | Burkina Faso | |
|---|---|---|
| Disputes - international | in 2001, Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint commission continues to resurvey the boundary; talks continue between Benin and Togo on funding the Adjrala hydroelectric dam on the Mona River | adding to illicit cross-border activities, Burkina Faso has issues concerning unresolved boundary alignments with its neighbors; demarcation is currently underway with Mali; the dispute with Niger was referred to the ICJ in 2010, and a dispute over several villages with Benin persists; Benin retains a border dispute with Burkina Faso around the town of Koualou |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons | refugees (country of origin): 8,391 (Ghana) (2021) | refugees (country of origin): 21,601 (Mali) (2021) IDPs: 1,218,754 (2021) |
Environment
| Togo | Burkina Faso | |
|---|---|---|
| Air pollutants | particulate matter emissions: 32.71 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 3 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 3.06 megatons (2020 est.) | particulate matter emissions: 36.78 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 3.42 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 12.85 megatons (2020 est.) |
| Total water withdrawal | municipal: 140.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 6.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 76 million cubic meters (2017 est.) | municipal: 375.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 21.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 420.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.) |
| Revenue from forest resources | forest revenues: 3.96% of GDP (2018 est.) | forest revenues: 4.54% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Revenue from coal | coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.) | coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Waste and recycling | municipal solid waste generated annually: 1,109,030 tons (2014 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 22,181 tons (2012 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 2% (2012 est.) | municipal solid waste generated annually: 2,575,251 tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 309,030 tons (2005 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 12% (2005 est.) |
Source: CIA Factbook
