Brazil - Labor force participation rate
Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (national estimate)
Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (national estimate) in Brazil was 44.27 as of 2020. Its highest value over the past 60 years was 55.42 in 2005, while its lowest value was 23.01 in 1960.
Definition: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24 is the proportion of the population ages 15-24 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in December 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1960 | 23.01 |
1970 | 26.32 |
1973 | 43.55 |
1980 | 34.82 |
1985 | 45.74 |
1986 | 45.80 |
1987 | 47.24 |
1988 | 46.95 |
1989 | 46.20 |
1990 | 46.82 |
1991 | 46.82 |
1992 | 52.81 |
1993 | 52.08 |
1995 | 49.37 |
1996 | 48.19 |
1997 | 48.45 |
1998 | 49.08 |
1999 | 49.93 |
2001 | 50.75 |
2002 | 52.40 |
2003 | 52.32 |
2004 | 53.88 |
2005 | 55.42 |
2006 | 54.26 |
2007 | 54.26 |
2008 | 53.69 |
2009 | 53.47 |
2011 | 50.33 |
2012 | 48.56 |
2013 | 47.53 |
2014 | 47.01 |
2015 | 47.05 |
2016 | 48.13 |
2017 | 49.40 |
2018 | 49.45 |
2019 | 50.74 |
2020 | 44.27 |
Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate)
Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate) in Brazil was 43.63 as of 2020. Its highest value over the past 30 years was 53.27 in 2005, while its lowest value was 43.63 in 2020.
Definition: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24 is the proportion of the population ages 15-24 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1990 | 44.49 |
1991 | 44.56 |
1992 | 45.23 |
1993 | 45.89 |
1994 | 46.55 |
1995 | 47.21 |
1996 | 46.07 |
1997 | 46.23 |
1998 | 46.91 |
1999 | 47.75 |
2000 | 48.12 |
2001 | 48.49 |
2002 | 50.22 |
2003 | 50.20 |
2004 | 51.69 |
2005 | 53.27 |
2006 | 52.04 |
2007 | 52.18 |
2008 | 51.68 |
2009 | 51.36 |
2010 | 49.79 |
2011 | 48.23 |
2012 | 48.17 |
2013 | 47.03 |
2014 | 46.31 |
2015 | 46.51 |
2016 | 47.56 |
2017 | 48.91 |
2018 | 49.10 |
2019 | 50.14 |
2020 | 43.63 |
Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, male (%) (national estimate)
Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, male (%) (national estimate) in Brazil was 57.91 as of 2020. Its highest value over the past 60 years was 83.08 in 1987, while its lowest value was 57.91 in 2020.
Definition: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24 is the proportion of the population ages 15-24 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in December 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1960 | 81.61 |
1970 | 73.96 |
1973 | 81.45 |
1980 | 76.37 |
1985 | 82.30 |
1986 | 82.40 |
1987 | 83.08 |
1988 | 82.11 |
1989 | 82.24 |
1990 | 81.17 |
1991 | 81.17 |
1992 | 81.72 |
1993 | 80.78 |
1995 | 77.85 |
1996 | 74.19 |
1997 | 75.16 |
1998 | 74.42 |
1999 | 74.09 |
2001 | 72.25 |
2002 | 72.67 |
2003 | 72.13 |
2004 | 73.11 |
2005 | 74.31 |
2006 | 72.67 |
2007 | 71.87 |
2008 | 71.38 |
2009 | 71.00 |
2011 | 67.02 |
2012 | 65.47 |
2013 | 64.25 |
2014 | 63.04 |
2015 | 62.65 |
2016 | 62.05 |
2017 | 62.46 |
2018 | 62.61 |
2019 | 63.08 |
2020 | 57.91 |
Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate)
Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate) in Brazil was 56.29 as of 2020. Its highest value over the past 30 years was 78.41 in 1990, while its lowest value was 56.29 in 2020.
Definition: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24 is the proportion of the population ages 15-24 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1990 | 78.41 |
1991 | 78.33 |
1992 | 77.53 |
1993 | 76.73 |
1994 | 75.92 |
1995 | 75.10 |
1996 | 71.48 |
1997 | 72.32 |
1998 | 71.65 |
1999 | 71.30 |
2000 | 70.32 |
2001 | 69.33 |
2002 | 69.85 |
2003 | 69.37 |
2004 | 70.28 |
2005 | 71.53 |
2006 | 69.81 |
2007 | 69.19 |
2008 | 68.77 |
2009 | 68.27 |
2010 | 66.32 |
2011 | 64.32 |
2012 | 64.13 |
2013 | 62.77 |
2014 | 61.39 |
2015 | 61.11 |
2016 | 60.57 |
2017 | 61.05 |
2018 | 61.39 |
2019 | 61.66 |
2020 | 56.29 |
Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (%) (national estimate)
Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (%) (national estimate) in Brazil was 51.19 as of 2020. Its highest value over the past 60 years was 67.19 in 1992, while its lowest value was 49.53 in 1970.
Definition: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24 is the proportion of the population ages 15-24 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in December 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1960 | 51.24 |
1970 | 49.53 |
1973 | 61.94 |
1980 | 55.33 |
1985 | 63.78 |
1986 | 63.99 |
1987 | 64.84 |
1988 | 64.28 |
1989 | 64.07 |
1990 | 63.95 |
1991 | 63.95 |
1992 | 67.19 |
1993 | 66.38 |
1995 | 63.65 |
1996 | 61.27 |
1997 | 61.77 |
1998 | 61.79 |
1999 | 62.03 |
2001 | 61.42 |
2002 | 62.54 |
2003 | 62.29 |
2004 | 63.50 |
2005 | 64.92 |
2006 | 63.43 |
2007 | 63.16 |
2008 | 62.70 |
2009 | 62.29 |
2011 | 58.74 |
2012 | 57.07 |
2013 | 55.93 |
2014 | 55.09 |
2015 | 54.92 |
2016 | 55.16 |
2017 | 56.00 |
2018 | 56.11 |
2019 | 56.99 |
2020 | 51.19 |
Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)
Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate) in Brazil was 50.06 as of 2020. Its highest value over the past 30 years was 62.50 in 2005, while its lowest value was 50.06 in 2020.
Definition: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24 is the proportion of the population ages 15-24 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1990 | 61.51 |
1991 | 61.51 |
1992 | 61.44 |
1993 | 61.37 |
1994 | 61.30 |
1995 | 61.23 |
1996 | 58.85 |
1997 | 59.36 |
1998 | 59.37 |
1999 | 59.61 |
2000 | 59.30 |
2001 | 58.99 |
2002 | 60.12 |
2003 | 59.87 |
2004 | 61.08 |
2005 | 62.50 |
2006 | 61.02 |
2007 | 60.78 |
2008 | 60.33 |
2009 | 59.91 |
2010 | 58.16 |
2011 | 56.38 |
2012 | 56.26 |
2013 | 55.01 |
2014 | 53.95 |
2015 | 53.92 |
2016 | 54.16 |
2017 | 55.07 |
2018 | 55.34 |
2019 | 55.98 |
2020 | 50.06 |
Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)
Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate) in Brazil was 61.89 as of 2019. Its highest value over the past 29 years was 61.89 in 2019, while its lowest value was 44.60 in 1990.
Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15-64 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1990 | 44.60 |
1991 | 44.87 |
1992 | 46.31 |
1993 | 47.75 |
1994 | 49.19 |
1995 | 50.62 |
1996 | 49.54 |
1997 | 50.49 |
1998 | 51.43 |
1999 | 52.79 |
2000 | 53.88 |
2001 | 54.99 |
2002 | 56.49 |
2003 | 56.99 |
2004 | 58.24 |
2005 | 59.51 |
2006 | 59.29 |
2007 | 59.13 |
2008 | 59.11 |
2009 | 59.84 |
2010 | 58.54 |
2011 | 57.22 |
2012 | 58.32 |
2013 | 58.42 |
2014 | 58.48 |
2015 | 59.23 |
2016 | 59.40 |
2017 | 60.50 |
2018 | 60.90 |
2019 | 61.89 |
Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)
Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate) in Brazil was 80.19 as of 2019. Its highest value over the past 29 years was 86.50 in 1990, while its lowest value was 79.97 in 2018.
Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15-64 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1990 | 86.50 |
1991 | 86.49 |
1992 | 86.06 |
1993 | 85.60 |
1994 | 85.11 |
1995 | 84.59 |
1996 | 82.78 |
1997 | 83.29 |
1998 | 82.78 |
1999 | 82.67 |
2000 | 82.09 |
2001 | 81.52 |
2002 | 81.71 |
2003 | 81.45 |
2004 | 81.98 |
2005 | 82.19 |
2006 | 81.59 |
2007 | 81.50 |
2008 | 81.65 |
2009 | 81.70 |
2010 | 81.05 |
2011 | 80.39 |
2012 | 81.00 |
2013 | 81.01 |
2014 | 80.74 |
2015 | 80.64 |
2016 | 80.35 |
2017 | 80.09 |
2018 | 79.97 |
2019 | 80.19 |
Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)
Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate) in Brazil was 70.93 as of 2019. Its highest value over the past 29 years was 70.93 in 2019, while its lowest value was 65.36 in 1990.
Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15-64 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1990 | 65.36 |
1991 | 65.48 |
1992 | 65.98 |
1993 | 66.48 |
1994 | 66.96 |
1995 | 67.42 |
1996 | 65.97 |
1997 | 66.70 |
1998 | 66.92 |
1999 | 67.55 |
2000 | 67.81 |
2001 | 68.09 |
2002 | 68.94 |
2003 | 69.06 |
2004 | 69.96 |
2005 | 70.71 |
2006 | 70.30 |
2007 | 70.17 |
2008 | 70.23 |
2009 | 70.63 |
2010 | 69.65 |
2011 | 68.65 |
2012 | 69.51 |
2013 | 69.56 |
2014 | 69.47 |
2015 | 69.80 |
2016 | 69.74 |
2017 | 70.17 |
2018 | 70.31 |
2019 | 70.93 |
Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (national estimate)
Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (national estimate) in Brazil was 49.55 as of 2020. Its highest value over the past 60 years was 57.13 in 2005, while its lowest value was 18.45 in 1960.
Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in December 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1960 | 18.45 |
1970 | 21.14 |
1973 | 37.17 |
1980 | 30.06 |
1985 | 41.09 |
1986 | 41.14 |
1987 | 43.17 |
1988 | 43.34 |
1989 | 43.39 |
1990 | 44.02 |
1991 | 44.02 |
1992 | 52.61 |
1993 | 52.53 |
1995 | 49.02 |
1996 | 47.80 |
1997 | 48.70 |
1998 | 49.49 |
1999 | 50.65 |
2001 | 53.40 |
2002 | 54.74 |
2003 | 54.97 |
2004 | 56.06 |
2005 | 57.13 |
2006 | 56.90 |
2007 | 56.67 |
2008 | 56.38 |
2009 | 56.85 |
2011 | 54.06 |
2012 | 52.47 |
2013 | 52.45 |
2014 | 52.38 |
2015 | 52.94 |
2016 | 52.93 |
2017 | 53.82 |
2018 | 54.11 |
2019 | 54.87 |
2020 | 49.55 |
Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)
Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate) in Brazil was 49.11 as of 2021. Its highest value over the past 31 years was 54.62 in 2005, while its lowest value was 41.38 in 1990.
Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1990 | 41.38 |
1991 | 41.46 |
1992 | 42.70 |
1993 | 43.95 |
1994 | 45.20 |
1995 | 46.46 |
1996 | 45.24 |
1997 | 46.16 |
1998 | 46.95 |
1999 | 48.12 |
2000 | 49.48 |
2001 | 50.84 |
2002 | 52.19 |
2003 | 52.44 |
2004 | 53.52 |
2005 | 54.62 |
2006 | 54.37 |
2007 | 54.17 |
2008 | 53.87 |
2009 | 54.33 |
2010 | 52.93 |
2011 | 51.53 |
2012 | 51.44 |
2013 | 51.30 |
2014 | 51.25 |
2015 | 51.74 |
2016 | 51.71 |
2017 | 52.62 |
2018 | 52.76 |
2019 | 53.44 |
2020 | 47.71 |
2021 | 49.11 |
Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) (national estimate)
Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) (national estimate) in Brazil was 70.36 as of 2020. Its highest value over the past 60 years was 73.72 in 2019, while its lowest value was 20.80 in 1960.
Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate is calculated by dividing female labor force participation rate by male labor force participation rate and multiplying by 100.
Source: Derived using data from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Labor data retrieved in December 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1960 | 20.80 |
1970 | 25.29 |
1973 | 42.75 |
1980 | 36.34 |
1985 | 48.32 |
1986 | 48.46 |
1987 | 50.32 |
1988 | 50.79 |
1989 | 51.09 |
1990 | 52.05 |
1991 | 52.05 |
1992 | 61.59 |
1993 | 61.86 |
1995 | 59.32 |
1996 | 59.34 |
1997 | 59.98 |
1998 | 61.31 |
1999 | 62.88 |
2001 | 66.78 |
2002 | 68.43 |
2003 | 69.06 |
2004 | 70.11 |
2005 | 71.35 |
2006 | 71.49 |
2007 | 71.61 |
2008 | 71.25 |
2009 | 71.90 |
2011 | 69.97 |
2012 | 69.15 |
2013 | 69.20 |
2014 | 69.45 |
2015 | 70.39 |
2016 | 70.79 |
2017 | 72.28 |
2018 | 72.85 |
2019 | 73.72 |
2020 | 70.36 |
Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) (modeled ILO estimate)
Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) (modeled ILO estimate) in Brazil was 71.97 as of 2021. Its highest value over the past 31 years was 73.91 in 2019, while its lowest value was 50.62 in 1990.
Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate is calculated by dividing female labor force participation rate by male labor force participation rate and multiplying by 100.
Source: Derived using data from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1990 | 50.62 |
1991 | 50.78 |
1992 | 52.59 |
1993 | 54.43 |
1994 | 56.31 |
1995 | 58.23 |
1996 | 58.23 |
1997 | 58.89 |
1998 | 60.26 |
1999 | 61.87 |
2000 | 63.87 |
2001 | 65.88 |
2002 | 67.59 |
2003 | 68.23 |
2004 | 69.32 |
2005 | 70.60 |
2006 | 70.74 |
2007 | 70.85 |
2008 | 70.48 |
2009 | 71.15 |
2010 | 70.15 |
2011 | 69.14 |
2012 | 69.41 |
2013 | 69.34 |
2014 | 69.63 |
2015 | 70.60 |
2016 | 70.85 |
2017 | 72.46 |
2018 | 73.00 |
2019 | 73.91 |
2020 | 70.79 |
2021 | 71.97 |
Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) (national estimate)
Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) (national estimate) in Brazil was 70.42 as of 2020. Its highest value over the past 60 years was 88.71 in 1960, while its lowest value was 70.42 in 2020.
Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in December 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1960 | 88.71 |
1970 | 83.58 |
1973 | 86.94 |
1980 | 82.73 |
1985 | 85.04 |
1986 | 84.89 |
1987 | 85.79 |
1988 | 85.34 |
1989 | 84.93 |
1990 | 84.57 |
1991 | 84.57 |
1992 | 85.42 |
1993 | 84.92 |
1995 | 82.64 |
1996 | 80.55 |
1997 | 81.20 |
1998 | 80.72 |
1999 | 80.55 |
2001 | 79.97 |
2002 | 79.99 |
2003 | 79.60 |
2004 | 79.96 |
2005 | 80.07 |
2006 | 79.59 |
2007 | 79.14 |
2008 | 79.13 |
2009 | 79.07 |
2011 | 77.26 |
2012 | 75.88 |
2013 | 75.79 |
2014 | 75.42 |
2015 | 75.21 |
2016 | 74.77 |
2017 | 74.46 |
2018 | 74.28 |
2019 | 74.43 |
2020 | 70.42 |
Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)
Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate) in Brazil was 68.24 as of 2021. Its highest value over the past 31 years was 81.76 in 1990, while its lowest value was 67.39 in 2020.
Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1990 | 81.76 |
1991 | 81.65 |
1992 | 81.20 |
1993 | 80.74 |
1994 | 80.27 |
1995 | 79.78 |
1996 | 77.69 |
1997 | 78.38 |
1998 | 77.92 |
1999 | 77.77 |
2000 | 77.47 |
2001 | 77.17 |
2002 | 77.22 |
2003 | 76.86 |
2004 | 77.20 |
2005 | 77.37 |
2006 | 76.86 |
2007 | 76.46 |
2008 | 76.43 |
2009 | 76.35 |
2010 | 75.45 |
2011 | 74.53 |
2012 | 74.11 |
2013 | 73.98 |
2014 | 73.60 |
2015 | 73.30 |
2016 | 72.99 |
2017 | 72.63 |
2018 | 72.27 |
2019 | 72.30 |
2020 | 67.39 |
2021 | 68.24 |
Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (national estimate)
Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (national estimate) in Brazil was 59.63 as of 2020. Its highest value over the past 60 years was 68.45 in 1992, while its lowest value was 51.93 in 1970.
Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in December 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1960 | 53.16 |
1970 | 51.93 |
1973 | 61.58 |
1980 | 55.98 |
1985 | 62.53 |
1986 | 62.37 |
1987 | 63.79 |
1988 | 63.61 |
1989 | 63.45 |
1990 | 63.63 |
1991 | 63.63 |
1992 | 68.45 |
1993 | 68.17 |
1995 | 65.22 |
1996 | 63.56 |
1997 | 64.36 |
1998 | 64.53 |
1999 | 65.05 |
2001 | 66.13 |
2002 | 66.84 |
2003 | 66.79 |
2004 | 67.50 |
2005 | 68.14 |
2006 | 67.76 |
2007 | 67.46 |
2008 | 67.29 |
2009 | 67.48 |
2011 | 65.15 |
2012 | 63.79 |
2013 | 63.72 |
2014 | 63.51 |
2015 | 63.70 |
2016 | 63.48 |
2017 | 63.79 |
2018 | 63.86 |
2019 | 64.32 |
2020 | 59.63 |
Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)
Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate) in Brazil was 58.41 as of 2021. Its highest value over the past 31 years was 65.73 in 2005, while its lowest value was 57.28 in 2020.
Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2019.
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1990 | 61.25 |
1991 | 61.22 |
1992 | 61.62 |
1993 | 62.02 |
1994 | 62.42 |
1995 | 62.81 |
1996 | 61.15 |
1997 | 61.95 |
1998 | 62.12 |
1999 | 62.64 |
2000 | 63.19 |
2001 | 63.72 |
2002 | 64.43 |
2003 | 64.38 |
2004 | 65.09 |
2005 | 65.73 |
2006 | 65.35 |
2007 | 65.05 |
2008 | 64.88 |
2009 | 65.07 |
2010 | 63.92 |
2011 | 62.74 |
2012 | 62.49 |
2013 | 62.35 |
2014 | 62.14 |
2015 | 62.24 |
2016 | 62.07 |
2017 | 62.36 |
2018 | 62.25 |
2019 | 62.61 |
2020 | 57.28 |
2021 | 58.41 |
Classification
Topic: Labor & Social Protection Indicators
Sub-Topic: Labor force structure