Low income - Vulnerable employment, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Vulnerable employment, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate) in Low income was 85.72 as of 2019. Its highest value over the past 28 years was 89.97 in 2000, while its lowest value was 85.72 in 2019.

Definition: Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.

Source: Derived using data from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2019.

See also:

Year Value
1991 89.50
1992 89.68
1993 89.70
1994 89.88
1995 89.84
1996 89.64
1997 89.82
1998 89.92
1999 89.92
2000 89.97
2001 89.85
2002 89.82
2003 89.94
2004 89.88
2005 89.89
2006 89.73
2007 89.53
2008 89.24
2009 89.19
2010 88.88
2011 88.32
2012 87.82
2013 87.73
2014 87.36
2015 87.14
2016 86.83
2017 86.49
2018 85.97
2019 85.72

Development Relevance: Breaking down employment information by status in employment provides a statistical basis for describing workers' behaviour and conditions of work, and for defining an individual's socio-economic group. A high proportion of wage and salaried workers in a country can signify advanced economic development. If the proportion of own-account workers (self-employed without hired employees) is sizeable, it may be an indication of a large agriculture sector and low growth in the formal economy. A high proportion of contributing family workers — generally unpaid, although compensation might come indirectly in the form of family income — may indicate weak development, little job growth, and often a large rural economy. Each status group faces different economic risks, and contributing family workers and own-account workers are the most vulnerable - and therefore the most likely to fall into poverty. They are the least likely to have formal work arrangements, are the least likely to have social protection and safety nets to guard against economic shocks, and often are incapable of generating sufficient savings to offset these shocks.

Limitations and Exceptions: Data are drawn from labor force surveys and household surveys, supplemented by official estimates and censuses for a small group of countries. Due to differences in definitions and coverage across countries, there are limitations for comparing data across countries and over time even within a country. Estimates of women in employment are not comparable internationally, reflecting that demographic, social, legal, and cultural trends and norms determine whether women's activities are regarded as economic.

Statistical Concept and Methodology: The indicator of status in employment distinguishes between two categories of the total employed. These are: (a) wage and salaried workers (also known as employees); and (b) self-employed workers. Self-employed group is broken down in the subcategories: self-employed workers with employees (employers), self-employed workers without employees (own-account workers), members of producers' cooperatives and contributing family workers (also known as unpaid family workers). Vulnerable employment refers to the sum of contributing family workers and own-account workers. Data are derived using ILO modeled estimate series which are harmonized to ensure comparability across countries and over time by accounting for differences in data source, scope of coverage, methodology, and other country-specific factors. The estimates are based mainly on nationally representative labor force surveys, with other sources (population censuses and nationally reported estimates) used only when no survey data are available.

Aggregation method: Weighted average

Periodicity: Annual

Classification

Topic: Labor & Social Protection Indicators

Sub-Topic: Economic activity