Lower middle income - Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) in Lower middle income was 60.82 as of 2019. Its highest value over the past 28 years was 72.22 in 2000, while its lowest value was 60.82 in 2019.

Definition: Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.

Source: Derived using data from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2019.

See also:

Year Value
1991 72.09
1992 72.04
1993 72.06
1994 71.94
1995 72.04
1996 71.92
1997 71.77
1998 72.20
1999 72.15
2000 72.22
2001 71.72
2002 71.62
2003 71.54
2004 70.99
2005 70.54
2006 70.01
2007 69.56
2008 69.23
2009 68.80
2010 68.25
2011 67.05
2012 65.69
2013 65.10
2014 64.50
2015 63.59
2016 62.86
2017 62.13
2018 61.38
2019 60.82

Development Relevance: Breaking down employment information by status in employment provides a statistical basis for describing workers' behaviour and conditions of work, and for defining an individual's socio-economic group. A high proportion of wage and salaried workers in a country can signify advanced economic development. If the proportion of own-account workers (self-employed without hired employees) is sizeable, it may be an indication of a large agriculture sector and low growth in the formal economy. A high proportion of contributing family workers — generally unpaid, although compensation might come indirectly in the form of family income — may indicate weak development, little job growth, and often a large rural economy. Each status group faces different economic risks, and contributing family workers and own-account workers are the most vulnerable - and therefore the most likely to fall into poverty. They are the least likely to have formal work arrangements, are the least likely to have social protection and safety nets to guard against economic shocks, and often are incapable of generating sufficient savings to offset these shocks.

Limitations and Exceptions: Data are drawn from labor force surveys and household surveys, supplemented by official estimates and censuses for a small group of countries. Due to differences in definitions and coverage across countries, there are limitations for comparing data across countries and over time even within a country. Estimates of women in employment are not comparable internationally, reflecting that demographic, social, legal, and cultural trends and norms determine whether women's activities are regarded as economic.

Statistical Concept and Methodology: The indicator of status in employment distinguishes between two categories of the total employed. These are: (a) wage and salaried workers (also known as employees); and (b) self-employed workers. Self-employed group is broken down in the subcategories: self-employed workers with employees (employers), self-employed workers without employees (own-account workers), members of producers' cooperatives and contributing family workers (also known as unpaid family workers). Vulnerable employment refers to the sum of contributing family workers and own-account workers. Data are derived using ILO modeled estimate series which are harmonized to ensure comparability across countries and over time by accounting for differences in data source, scope of coverage, methodology, and other country-specific factors. The estimates are based mainly on nationally representative labor force surveys, with other sources (population censuses and nationally reported estimates) used only when no survey data are available.

Aggregation method: Weighted average

Periodicity: Annual

Classification

Topic: Labor & Social Protection Indicators

Sub-Topic: Economic activity