Lower middle income - Net financial flows
Net financial flows, bilateral (NFL, current US$)
The latest value for Net financial flows, bilateral (NFL, current US$) in Lower middle income was $12,671,810,000 as of 2020. Over the past 50 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between $24,833,120,000 in 2016 and ($14,953,240,000) in 2006.
Definition: Bilateral debt includes loans from governments and their agencies (including central banks), loans from autonomous bodies, and direct loans from official export credit agencies. Net flows (or net lending or net disbursements) received by the borrower during the year are disbursements minus principal repayments. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Source: World Bank, International Debt Statistics.
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | $2,403,516,000 |
| 1971 | $2,909,926,000 |
| 1972 | $1,550,341,000 |
| 1973 | $1,871,393,000 |
| 1974 | $2,650,762,000 |
| 1975 | $5,124,256,000 |
| 1976 | $3,497,138,000 |
| 1977 | $4,204,207,000 |
| 1978 | $4,057,243,000 |
| 1979 | $4,808,788,000 |
| 1980 | $5,807,417,000 |
| 1981 | $6,086,527,000 |
| 1982 | $6,448,695,000 |
| 1983 | $5,465,201,000 |
| 1984 | $5,693,569,000 |
| 1985 | $3,788,689,000 |
| 1986 | $3,950,562,000 |
| 1987 | $5,048,477,000 |
| 1988 | $5,213,682,000 |
| 1989 | $6,308,186,000 |
| 1990 | $5,456,158,000 |
| 1991 | $5,346,820,000 |
| 1992 | $7,074,394,000 |
| 1993 | $4,982,615,000 |
| 1994 | $1,776,905,000 |
| 1995 | ($4,077,093,000) |
| 1996 | ($3,682,480,000) |
| 1997 | ($5,581,779,000) |
| 1998 | ($89,942,540) |
| 1999 | ($376,543,800) |
| 2000 | ($2,702,609,000) |
| 2001 | ($3,008,304,000) |
| 2002 | ($1,648,603,000) |
| 2003 | ($3,197,999,000) |
| 2004 | ($5,521,252,000) |
| 2005 | ($7,577,649,000) |
| 2006 | ($14,953,240,000) |
| 2007 | ($2,125,186,000) |
| 2008 | $688,279,100 |
| 2009 | $3,511,869,000 |
| 2010 | $5,257,225,000 |
| 2011 | $6,249,027,000 |
| 2012 | $8,855,731,000 |
| 2013 | $20,879,350,000 |
| 2014 | $13,321,600,000 |
| 2015 | $12,969,480,000 |
| 2016 | $24,833,120,000 |
| 2017 | $15,189,340,000 |
| 2018 | $20,256,150,000 |
| 2019 | $11,303,280,000 |
| 2020 | $12,671,810,000 |
Net financial flows, IMF concessional (NFL, current US$)
The latest value for Net financial flows, IMF concessional (NFL, current US$) in Lower middle income was $972,813,600 as of 2020. Over the past 50 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between $2,558,327,000 in 1982 and ($1,693,618,000) in 1995.
Definition: Net financial flows received by the borrower during the year are disbursements of loans and credits less repayments of principal. IMF is the International Monetary Fund, which provides concessional lending through the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility and the IMF Trust Fund. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Source: World Bank, International Debt Statistics.
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | ($237,600,000) |
| 1971 | ($33,914,000) |
| 1972 | $109,220,200 |
| 1973 | $98,441,610 |
| 1974 | $752,070,300 |
| 1975 | $420,865,900 |
| 1976 | ($169,284,000) |
| 1977 | ($330,501,000) |
| 1978 | ($170,772,100) |
| 1979 | ($81,553,090) |
| 1980 | $1,226,782,000 |
| 1981 | $1,210,719,000 |
| 1982 | $2,558,327,000 |
| 1983 | $1,584,218,000 |
| 1984 | $217,101,900 |
| 1985 | ($233,619,700) |
| 1986 | ($1,006,106,000) |
| 1987 | ($1,062,617,000) |
| 1988 | ($1,118,831,000) |
| 1989 | ($789,945,900) |
| 1990 | $1,200,004,000 |
| 1991 | $920,047,000 |
| 1992 | $1,351,661,000 |
| 1993 | $214,699,500 |
| 1994 | ($1,080,305,000) |
| 1995 | ($1,693,618,000) |
| 1996 | ($985,725,800) |
| 1997 | ($679,060,500) |
| 1998 | ($448,968,400) |
| 1999 | ($329,999,900) |
| 2000 | ($41,857,020) |
| 2001 | $1,284,550 |
| 2002 | ($37,576,370) |
| 2003 | ($47,136,530) |
| 2004 | ($83,378,230) |
| 2005 | $18,941,490 |
| 2006 | ($4,437,854) |
| 2007 | $83,271,530 |
| 2008 | $25,718,890 |
| 2009 | $283,958,700 |
| 2010 | $58,763,660 |
| 2011 | $326,670,200 |
| 2012 | $212,851,900 |
| 2013 | $179,328,400 |
| 2014 | ($81,566,240) |
| 2015 | ($107,227,500) |
| 2016 | ($117,008,200) |
| 2017 | ($147,661,300) |
| 2018 | ($157,772,700) |
| 2019 | ($153,734,400) |
| 2020 | $972,813,600 |
Net financial flows, IMF nonconcessional (NFL, current US$)
The latest value for Net financial flows, IMF nonconcessional (NFL, current US$) in Lower middle income was $22,993,390,000 as of 2020. Over the past 50 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between $22,993,390,000 in 2020 and ($9,094,916,000) in 2006.
Definition: Net financial flows received by the borrower during the year are disbursements of loans and credits less repayments of principal. IMF is the International Monetary Fund, which provides nonconcessional lending through the credit it provides to its members, mainly to meet balance of payments needs. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Source: World Bank, International Debt Statistics.
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | $18,760,000 |
| 1971 | $10,532,730 |
| 1972 | ($63,642,970) |
| 1973 | ($54,730,760) |
| 1974 | $300,355,700 |
| 1975 | $409,643,600 |
| 1976 | $590,592,300 |
| 1977 | $206,249,200 |
| 1978 | $724,937,600 |
| 1979 | $646,578,800 |
| 1980 | $996,235,300 |
| 1981 | $1,339,463,000 |
| 1982 | $882,228,200 |
| 1983 | $1,505,672,000 |
| 1984 | ($193,931,200) |
| 1985 | ($589,511,000) |
| 1986 | ($744,823,600) |
| 1987 | ($509,144,300) |
| 1988 | ($677,507,300) |
| 1989 | $506,556,100 |
| 1990 | ($1,374,095,000) |
| 1991 | $220,940,000 |
| 1992 | ($323,618,400) |
| 1993 | ($488,102,000) |
| 1994 | $1,350,370,000 |
| 1995 | $1,713,727,000 |
| 1996 | $925,109,500 |
| 1997 | $3,492,596,000 |
| 1998 | $6,778,350,000 |
| 1999 | $2,043,133,000 |
| 2000 | $449,048,700 |
| 2001 | ($1,137,912,000) |
| 2002 | ($1,632,264,000) |
| 2003 | ($870,677,900) |
| 2004 | ($2,650,178,000) |
| 2005 | ($2,955,354,000) |
| 2006 | ($9,094,916,000) |
| 2007 | ($480,967,100) |
| 2008 | $7,695,509,000 |
| 2009 | $11,199,260,000 |
| 2010 | $6,376,276,000 |
| 2011 | $821,655,700 |
| 2012 | ($4,458,955,000) |
| 2013 | ($8,297,785,000) |
| 2014 | $932,284,300 |
| 2015 | $6,625,388,000 |
| 2016 | $4,760,355,000 |
| 2017 | $3,847,096,000 |
| 2018 | $2,750,672,000 |
| 2019 | $3,900,934,000 |
| 2020 | $22,993,390,000 |
Net financial flows, IBRD (NFL, current US$)
The latest value for Net financial flows, IBRD (NFL, current US$) in Lower middle income was $9,308,672,000 as of 2020. Over the past 50 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between $9,308,672,000 in 2020 and ($5,028,800,000) in 2003.
Definition: Net financial flows received by the borrower during the year are disbursements of loans and credits less repayments of principal. IBRD is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the founding and largest member of the World Bank Group. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Source: World Bank, International Debt Statistics.
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | $78,557,000 |
| 1971 | $111,812,000 |
| 1972 | $132,185,000 |
| 1973 | $90,015,000 |
| 1974 | $185,546,000 |
| 1975 | $540,760,000 |
| 1976 | $687,462,000 |
| 1977 | $775,309,000 |
| 1978 | $833,737,000 |
| 1979 | $983,882,000 |
| 1980 | $1,032,940,000 |
| 1981 | $1,208,553,000 |
| 1982 | $1,412,564,000 |
| 1983 | $1,878,660,000 |
| 1984 | $2,008,886,000 |
| 1985 | $1,804,605,000 |
| 1986 | $2,083,777,000 |
| 1987 | $2,895,845,000 |
| 1988 | $3,216,527,000 |
| 1989 | $3,119,656,000 |
| 1990 | $2,307,154,000 |
| 1991 | $2,014,639,000 |
| 1992 | $1,313,616,000 |
| 1993 | $1,433,831,000 |
| 1994 | ($370,705,000) |
| 1995 | $64,915,000 |
| 1996 | ($588,555,000) |
| 1997 | ($687,728,000) |
| 1998 | ($332,610,000) |
| 1999 | $356,838,000 |
| 2000 | ($669,971,000) |
| 2001 | ($784,448,000) |
| 2002 | ($4,322,461,000) |
| 2003 | ($5,028,800,000) |
| 2004 | ($1,709,788,000) |
| 2005 | ($529,890,000) |
| 2006 | ($1,574,427,000) |
| 2007 | $400,964,000 |
| 2008 | $231,369,000 |
| 2009 | $2,586,899,000 |
| 2010 | $5,614,127,000 |
| 2011 | $2,806,326,000 |
| 2012 | $1,890,280,000 |
| 2013 | $2,500,181,000 |
| 2014 | $3,319,579,000 |
| 2015 | $6,780,095,000 |
| 2016 | $4,334,338,000 |
| 2017 | $4,348,396,000 |
| 2018 | $4,817,095,000 |
| 2019 | $7,066,988,000 |
| 2020 | $9,308,672,000 |
Net financial flows, IDA (NFL, current US$)
The latest value for Net financial flows, IDA (NFL, current US$) in Lower middle income was $8,043,587,000 as of 2020. Over the past 50 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between $8,043,587,000 in 2020 and $214,272,000 in 1971.
Definition: Net financial flows received by the borrower during the year are disbursements of loans and credits less repayments of principal. IDA is the International Development Association, the concessional loan window of the World Bank Group. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Source: World Bank, International Debt Statistics.
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | $240,380,000 |
| 1971 | $214,272,000 |
| 1972 | $312,899,000 |
| 1973 | $607,266,000 |
| 1974 | $732,719,000 |
| 1975 | $912,666,000 |
| 1976 | $1,036,484,000 |
| 1977 | $797,218,000 |
| 1978 | $715,806,000 |
| 1979 | $1,066,352,000 |
| 1980 | $1,254,351,000 |
| 1981 | $1,595,258,000 |
| 1982 | $2,107,044,000 |
| 1983 | $1,744,731,000 |
| 1984 | $1,776,841,000 |
| 1985 | $1,882,831,000 |
| 1986 | $1,843,559,000 |
| 1987 | $2,233,962,000 |
| 1988 | $2,042,000,000 |
| 1989 | $1,833,400,000 |
| 1990 | $2,353,262,000 |
| 1991 | $2,609,953,000 |
| 1992 | $2,938,924,000 |
| 1993 | $2,324,990,000 |
| 1994 | $3,687,657,000 |
| 1995 | $2,839,900,000 |
| 1996 | $3,350,297,000 |
| 1997 | $3,139,257,000 |
| 1998 | $2,986,986,000 |
| 1999 | $2,740,538,000 |
| 2000 | $2,725,901,000 |
| 2001 | $3,025,542,000 |
| 2002 | $3,088,839,000 |
| 2003 | $3,041,826,000 |
| 2004 | $4,116,792,000 |
| 2005 | $3,736,706,000 |
| 2006 | $3,486,346,000 |
| 2007 | $3,919,573,000 |
| 2008 | $3,359,456,000 |
| 2009 | $4,837,704,000 |
| 2010 | $4,193,026,000 |
| 2011 | $4,722,030,000 |
| 2012 | $3,822,796,000 |
| 2013 | $4,607,072,000 |
| 2014 | $6,399,513,000 |
| 2015 | $5,739,107,000 |
| 2016 | $4,556,695,000 |
| 2017 | $5,122,977,000 |
| 2018 | $5,175,984,000 |
| 2019 | $6,349,019,000 |
| 2020 | $8,043,587,000 |
Net financial flows, multilateral (NFL, current US$)
The latest value for Net financial flows, multilateral (NFL, current US$) in Lower middle income was $44,164,890,000 as of 2020. Over the past 50 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between $44,164,890,000 in 2020 and ($1,320,570,000) in 2003.
Definition: Public and publicly guaranteed multilateral loans include loans and credits from the World Bank, regional development banks, and other multilateral and intergovernmental agencies. Excluded are loans from funds administered by an international organization on behalf of a single donor government; these are classified as loans from governments. Net flows (or net lending or net disbursements) received by the borrower during the year are disbursements minus principal repayments. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Source: World Bank, International Debt Statistics.
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | $376,801,000 |
| 1971 | $396,119,000 |
| 1972 | $514,609,000 |
| 1973 | $804,206,000 |
| 1974 | $1,105,953,000 |
| 1975 | $1,866,695,000 |
| 1976 | $2,053,924,000 |
| 1977 | $3,373,944,000 |
| 1978 | $2,849,345,000 |
| 1979 | $2,805,617,000 |
| 1980 | $3,301,840,000 |
| 1981 | $4,063,911,000 |
| 1982 | $4,823,448,000 |
| 1983 | $5,188,847,000 |
| 1984 | $5,221,127,000 |
| 1985 | $4,904,231,000 |
| 1986 | $5,579,075,000 |
| 1987 | $6,961,381,000 |
| 1988 | $7,758,986,000 |
| 1989 | $8,063,770,000 |
| 1990 | $8,084,400,000 |
| 1991 | $8,681,393,000 |
| 1992 | $8,073,235,000 |
| 1993 | $7,341,020,000 |
| 1994 | $6,919,675,000 |
| 1995 | $6,024,249,000 |
| 1996 | $5,482,705,000 |
| 1997 | $5,430,770,000 |
| 1998 | $6,172,197,000 |
| 1999 | $5,832,459,000 |
| 2000 | $3,869,078,000 |
| 2001 | $4,545,766,000 |
| 2002 | ($805,563,000) |
| 2003 | ($1,320,570,000) |
| 2004 | $2,168,449,000 |
| 2005 | $6,238,913,000 |
| 2006 | $4,579,594,000 |
| 2007 | $10,903,150,000 |
| 2008 | $10,461,960,000 |
| 2009 | $21,357,820,000 |
| 2010 | $19,725,810,000 |
| 2011 | $12,569,340,000 |
| 2012 | $11,756,970,000 |
| 2013 | $7,881,865,000 |
| 2014 | $16,800,020,000 |
| 2015 | $20,096,780,000 |
| 2016 | $18,936,570,000 |
| 2017 | $21,266,230,000 |
| 2018 | $19,767,210,000 |
| 2019 | $26,519,910,000 |
| 2020 | $44,164,890,000 |
Net financial flows, others (NFL, current US$)
The latest value for Net financial flows, others (NFL, current US$) in Lower middle income was $6,638,857,000 as of 2020. Over the past 50 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between $7,260,937,000 in 2009 and ($1,230,854,000) in 2013.
Definition: Net financial flows received by the borrower during the year are disbursements of loans and credits less repayments of principal. Others is a residual category in the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System. It includes such institutions as the Caribbean Development Fund, Council of Europe, European Development Fund, Islamic Development Bank, Nordic Development Fund, and the like. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Source: World Bank, International Debt Statistics.
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | $32,398,750 |
| 1971 | $31,911,430 |
| 1972 | $35,569,920 |
| 1973 | $28,020,430 |
| 1974 | $56,690,070 |
| 1975 | $131,354,000 |
| 1976 | $103,315,700 |
| 1977 | $243,686,000 |
| 1978 | $333,573,600 |
| 1979 | $301,357,200 |
| 1980 | $448,162,700 |
| 1981 | $645,346,500 |
| 1982 | $668,578,300 |
| 1983 | $667,027,800 |
| 1984 | $481,582,800 |
| 1985 | $229,793,200 |
| 1986 | $497,394,400 |
| 1987 | $416,878,200 |
| 1988 | $463,449,900 |
| 1989 | $414,498,700 |
| 1990 | $366,910,400 |
| 1991 | $563,697,800 |
| 1992 | $441,628,800 |
| 1993 | $582,567,200 |
| 1994 | $444,989,500 |
| 1995 | $768,128,600 |
| 1996 | $1,122,703,000 |
| 1997 | $804,319,600 |
| 1998 | $676,412,500 |
| 1999 | $629,366,400 |
| 2000 | $189,839,600 |
| 2001 | $323,322,600 |
| 2002 | $652,979,900 |
| 2003 | $668,813,600 |
| 2004 | $1,075,412,000 |
| 2005 | $437,590,200 |
| 2006 | ($282,104,900) |
| 2007 | $1,590,411,000 |
| 2008 | $1,257,835,000 |
| 2009 | $7,260,937,000 |
| 2010 | $5,987,042,000 |
| 2011 | $1,796,444,000 |
| 2012 | $1,665,398,000 |
| 2013 | ($1,230,854,000) |
| 2014 | $2,467,355,000 |
| 2015 | $1,514,844,000 |
| 2016 | $3,049,489,000 |
| 2017 | $2,753,134,000 |
| 2018 | $834,215,200 |
| 2019 | $3,370,496,000 |
| 2020 | $6,638,857,000 |
Net financial flows, RDB concessional (NFL, current US$)
The latest value for Net financial flows, RDB concessional (NFL, current US$) in Lower middle income was $1,919,200,000 as of 2020. Over the past 50 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between $1,962,909,000 in 2008 and $14,759,200 in 1972.
Definition: Net financial flows received by the borrower during the year are disbursements of loans and credits less repayments of principal. Concessional financial flows cover disbursements made through concessional lending facilities. Regional development banks are the African Development Bank, in Tunis, Tunisia, which serves all of Africa, including North Africa; the Asian Development Bank, in Manila, Philippines, which serves South and Central Asia and East Asia and Pacific; the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, in London, United Kingdom, which serves Europe and Central Asia; and the Inter-American Development Bank, in Washington, D.C., which serves the Americas. Aggregates include amounts for economies not specified elsewhere. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Source: World Bank, International Debt Statistics.
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | $16,344,000 |
| 1971 | $14,903,000 |
| 1972 | $14,759,200 |
| 1973 | $46,188,800 |
| 1974 | $72,688,200 |
| 1975 | $128,785,200 |
| 1976 | $112,970,900 |
| 1977 | $186,691,200 |
| 1978 | $283,369,200 |
| 1979 | $226,842,600 |
| 1980 | $264,513,600 |
| 1981 | $341,019,600 |
| 1982 | $317,661,800 |
| 1983 | $390,189,600 |
| 1984 | $485,638,200 |
| 1985 | $533,539,000 |
| 1986 | $619,458,200 |
| 1987 | $600,388,300 |
| 1988 | $909,646,400 |
| 1989 | $1,073,517,000 |
| 1990 | $1,182,124,000 |
| 1991 | $1,243,572,000 |
| 1992 | $1,200,670,000 |
| 1993 | $1,095,843,000 |
| 1994 | $1,467,574,000 |
| 1995 | $1,343,451,000 |
| 1996 | $1,551,088,000 |
| 1997 | $1,379,258,000 |
| 1998 | $1,436,742,000 |
| 1999 | $1,306,041,000 |
| 2000 | $1,175,745,000 |
| 2001 | $1,411,144,000 |
| 2002 | $1,117,286,000 |
| 2003 | $1,230,178,000 |
| 2004 | $1,174,335,000 |
| 2005 | $1,443,765,000 |
| 2006 | $1,266,178,000 |
| 2007 | $1,591,489,000 |
| 2008 | $1,962,909,000 |
| 2009 | $1,905,639,000 |
| 2010 | $1,429,230,000 |
| 2011 | $1,079,499,000 |
| 2012 | $969,397,900 |
| 2013 | $1,124,946,000 |
| 2014 | $1,570,472,000 |
| 2015 | $1,856,878,000 |
| 2016 | $1,199,893,000 |
| 2017 | $1,277,493,000 |
| 2018 | $566,459,500 |
| 2019 | $1,304,529,000 |
| 2020 | $1,919,200,000 |
Net financial flows, RDB nonconcessional (NFL, current US$)
The latest value for Net financial flows, RDB nonconcessional (NFL, current US$) in Lower middle income was $13,908,140,000 as of 2020. Over the past 50 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between $13,908,140,000 in 2020 and ($2,485,952,000) in 2004.
Definition: Net financial flows received by the borrower during the year are disbursements of loans and credits less repayments of principal. Nonconcessional financial flows cover all disbursements except those made through concessional lending facilities. Regional development banks are the African Development Bank, in Tunis, Tunisia, which serves all of Africa, including North Africa; the Asian Development Bank, in Manila, Philippines, which serves South and Central Asia and East Asia and Pacific; the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, in London, United Kingdom, which serves Europe and Central Asia; and the Inter-American Development Bank, in Washington, D.C., which serves the Americas. Aggregates include amounts for economies not specified elsewhere. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Source: World Bank, International Debt Statistics.
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | $9,121,000 |
| 1971 | $23,062,220 |
| 1972 | $18,967,350 |
| 1973 | $29,082,270 |
| 1974 | $55,650,620 |
| 1975 | $145,017,600 |
| 1976 | $97,769,830 |
| 1977 | $121,027,400 |
| 1978 | $176,172,300 |
| 1979 | $220,749,700 |
| 1980 | $251,955,200 |
| 1981 | $241,778,700 |
| 1982 | $305,261,100 |
| 1983 | $464,629,800 |
| 1984 | $437,560,500 |
| 1985 | $448,412,200 |
| 1986 | $477,872,200 |
| 1987 | $727,602,800 |
| 1988 | $1,177,868,000 |
| 1989 | $1,687,747,000 |
| 1990 | $1,868,968,000 |
| 1991 | $2,351,171,000 |
| 1992 | $2,243,093,000 |
| 1993 | $1,959,026,000 |
| 1994 | $1,793,108,000 |
| 1995 | $1,145,847,000 |
| 1996 | $144,365,700 |
| 1997 | $867,729,600 |
| 1998 | $1,477,411,000 |
| 1999 | $874,796,800 |
| 2000 | $513,973,900 |
| 2001 | $591,516,200 |
| 2002 | ($1,331,696,000) |
| 2003 | ($1,232,572,000) |
| 2004 | ($2,485,952,000) |
| 2005 | $1,165,071,000 |
| 2006 | $1,645,110,000 |
| 2007 | $3,407,022,000 |
| 2008 | $3,642,156,000 |
| 2009 | $4,704,214,000 |
| 2010 | $2,415,571,000 |
| 2011 | $1,869,297,000 |
| 2012 | $3,197,512,000 |
| 2013 | $880,494,700 |
| 2014 | $3,030,792,000 |
| 2015 | $4,298,978,000 |
| 2016 | $5,921,597,000 |
| 2017 | $6,059,117,000 |
| 2018 | $7,289,313,000 |
| 2019 | $7,636,322,000 |
| 2020 | $13,908,140,000 |
Classification
Topic: Economic Policy & Debt Indicators
Sub-Topic: External debt
