Upper middle income - Research and development expenditure
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in Upper middle income was 1.64 as of 2018. Its highest value over the past 22 years was 1.64 in 2018, while its lowest value was 0.49 in 1996.
Definition: Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1996 | 0.49 |
| 1997 | 0.54 |
| 1999 | 0.57 |
| 2000 | 0.68 |
| 2001 | 0.72 |
| 2002 | 0.77 |
| 2003 | 0.82 |
| 2004 | 0.84 |
| 2005 | 0.90 |
| 2006 | 0.92 |
| 2007 | 0.97 |
| 2008 | 1.01 |
| 2009 | 1.18 |
| 2010 | 1.22 |
| 2011 | 1.21 |
| 2012 | 1.32 |
| 2013 | 1.38 |
| 2014 | 1.42 |
| 2015 | 1.52 |
| 2016 | 1.56 |
| 2017 | 1.55 |
| 2018 | 1.64 |
Classification
Topic: Infrastructure Indicators
Sub-Topic: Technology
