Rwanda - School enrollment
School enrollment, preprimary (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, preprimary (% gross) in Rwanda was 27.64 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 18 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 27.64 in 2019 and a minimum value of 2.65 in 2001.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Preprimary education refers to programs at the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment and to provide a bridge between home and school.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
2001 | 2.65 |
2008 | 17.53 |
2009 | 17.67 |
2010 | 11.16 |
2011 | 12.55 |
2012 | 14.24 |
2013 | 15.17 |
2014 | 16.59 |
2015 | 18.81 |
2016 | 18.76 |
2017 | 22.05 |
2018 | 22.47 |
2019 | 27.64 |
School enrollment, preprimary, female (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, preprimary, female (% gross) in Rwanda was 28.24 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 18 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 28.24 in 2019 and a minimum value of 2.58 in 2001.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Preprimary education refers to programs at the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment and to provide a bridge between home and school.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
2001 | 2.58 |
2008 | 17.89 |
2009 | 17.67 |
2010 | 11.46 |
2011 | 12.87 |
2012 | 14.66 |
2013 | 15.54 |
2014 | 16.95 |
2015 | 19.17 |
2016 | 19.09 |
2017 | 22.47 |
2018 | 22.82 |
2019 | 28.24 |
School enrollment, preprimary, male (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, preprimary, male (% gross) in Rwanda was 27.05 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 18 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 27.05 in 2019 and a minimum value of 2.71 in 2001.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Preprimary education refers to programs at the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment and to provide a bridge between home and school.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
2001 | 2.71 |
2008 | 17.16 |
2009 | 17.68 |
2010 | 10.86 |
2011 | 12.23 |
2012 | 13.82 |
2013 | 14.79 |
2014 | 16.22 |
2015 | 18.46 |
2016 | 18.43 |
2017 | 21.64 |
2018 | 22.12 |
2019 | 27.05 |
School enrollment, primary (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, primary (% gross) in Rwanda was 131.31 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 48 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 149.27 in 2009 and a minimum value of 55.42 in 1975.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1971 | 64.31 |
1972 | 61.16 |
1973 | 59.46 |
1974 | 58.14 |
1975 | 55.42 |
1976 | 56.37 |
1977 | 59.41 |
1978 | 61.51 |
1979 | 66.15 |
1980 | 69.19 |
1981 | 73.37 |
1982 | 74.12 |
1983 | 70.86 |
1984 | 69.20 |
1985 | 68.24 |
1986 | 68.73 |
1987 | 70.46 |
1988 | 71.54 |
1989 | 72.37 |
1990 | 72.05 |
1991 | 74.19 |
1992 | 80.42 |
1997 | 110.37 |
1998 | 114.29 |
1999 | 107.75 |
2000 | 112.13 |
2001 | 109.92 |
2002 | 113.05 |
2003 | 120.32 |
2004 | 128.67 |
2005 | 133.61 |
2006 | 142.60 |
2007 | 148.46 |
2008 | 147.75 |
2009 | 149.27 |
2010 | 148.23 |
2011 | 147.71 |
2012 | 147.57 |
2013 | 144.31 |
2014 | 140.39 |
2015 | 139.62 |
2016 | 141.28 |
2017 | 137.68 |
2018 | 133.04 |
2019 | 131.31 |
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, primary, female (% gross) in Rwanda was 129.97 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 48 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 151.31 in 2009 and a minimum value of 49.82 in 1975.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1971 | 56.11 |
1972 | 53.30 |
1973 | 52.78 |
1974 | 51.59 |
1975 | 49.82 |
1976 | 51.34 |
1977 | 54.81 |
1978 | 57.41 |
1979 | 62.23 |
1980 | 65.92 |
1981 | 70.39 |
1982 | 71.33 |
1983 | 68.61 |
1984 | 67.19 |
1985 | 66.47 |
1986 | 67.32 |
1987 | 69.46 |
1988 | 70.72 |
1989 | 71.74 |
1990 | 71.69 |
1991 | 73.96 |
1992 | 79.66 |
1997 | 108.41 |
1998 | 111.94 |
1999 | 106.19 |
2000 | 110.39 |
2001 | 109.54 |
2002 | 112.68 |
2003 | 119.96 |
2004 | 128.94 |
2005 | 134.57 |
2006 | 145.15 |
2007 | 150.31 |
2008 | 149.87 |
2009 | 151.31 |
2010 | 150.08 |
2011 | 149.87 |
2012 | 149.20 |
2013 | 146.01 |
2014 | 142.09 |
2015 | 140.57 |
2016 | 141.19 |
2017 | 137.17 |
2018 | 132.13 |
2019 | 129.97 |
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, primary, male (% gross) in Rwanda was 132.65 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 48 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 147.22 in 2009 and a minimum value of 61.13 in 1975.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1971 | 72.70 |
1972 | 69.20 |
1973 | 66.29 |
1974 | 64.83 |
1975 | 61.13 |
1976 | 61.50 |
1977 | 64.10 |
1978 | 65.70 |
1979 | 70.16 |
1980 | 72.52 |
1981 | 76.41 |
1982 | 76.97 |
1983 | 73.15 |
1984 | 71.25 |
1985 | 70.04 |
1986 | 70.17 |
1987 | 71.47 |
1988 | 72.38 |
1989 | 73.00 |
1990 | 72.41 |
1991 | 74.42 |
1992 | 81.18 |
1997 | 112.42 |
1998 | 116.75 |
1999 | 109.36 |
2000 | 113.91 |
2001 | 110.31 |
2002 | 113.43 |
2003 | 120.69 |
2004 | 128.39 |
2005 | 132.63 |
2006 | 140.00 |
2007 | 146.60 |
2008 | 145.61 |
2009 | 147.22 |
2010 | 146.38 |
2011 | 145.53 |
2012 | 145.92 |
2013 | 142.59 |
2014 | 138.67 |
2015 | 138.68 |
2016 | 141.36 |
2017 | 138.19 |
2018 | 133.96 |
2019 | 132.65 |
School enrollment, primary (% net)
The value for School enrollment, primary (% net) in Rwanda was 94.79 as of 2018. As the graph below shows, over the past 45 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 98.84 in 2016 and a minimum value of 50.63 in 1975.
Definition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1973 | 55.11 |
1974 | 53.03 |
1975 | 50.63 |
1977 | 54.08 |
1978 | 56.30 |
1999 | 85.69 |
2002 | 81.18 |
2003 | 85.50 |
2016 | 98.84 |
2017 | 96.93 |
2018 | 94.79 |
School enrollment, primary, female (% net)
The value for School enrollment, primary, female (% net) in Rwanda was 95.14 as of 2018. As the graph below shows, over the past 45 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 99.48 in 2016 and a minimum value of 46.23 in 1975.
Definition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1973 | 49.90 |
1974 | 47.83 |
1975 | 46.23 |
1977 | 50.41 |
1978 | 53.03 |
1999 | 85.63 |
2002 | 82.45 |
2003 | 86.69 |
2016 | 99.48 |
2017 | 97.39 |
2018 | 95.14 |
School enrollment, primary, male (% net)
The value for School enrollment, primary, male (% net) in Rwanda was 94.44 as of 2018. As the graph below shows, over the past 45 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 98.20 in 2016 and a minimum value of 55.13 in 1975.
Definition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1973 | 60.44 |
1974 | 58.34 |
1975 | 55.13 |
1977 | 57.82 |
1978 | 59.64 |
1999 | 85.75 |
2002 | 79.88 |
2003 | 84.28 |
2016 | 98.20 |
2017 | 96.47 |
2018 | 94.44 |
School enrollment, primary, private (% of total primary)
School enrollment, primary, private (% of total primary) in Rwanda was 4.31 as of 2019. Its highest value over the past 48 years was 4.78 in 2016, while its lowest value was 0.00 in 1971.
Definition: Private enrollment refers to pupils or students enrolled in institutions that are not operated by a public authority but controlled and managed, whether for profit or not, by a private body such as a nongovernmental organization, religious body, special interest group, foundation or business enterprise.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1971 | 0.00 |
1972 | 0.00 |
1973 | 0.00 |
1974 | 0.00 |
1975 | 0.00 |
1984 | 0.42 |
1985 | 0.51 |
1986 | 0.74 |
1987 | 0.85 |
1988 | 0.83 |
1989 | 0.80 |
1990 | 0.86 |
1991 | 0.85 |
1992 | 0.74 |
2003 | 0.84 |
2004 | 0.83 |
2006 | 1.48 |
2007 | 1.68 |
2008 | 2.11 |
2009 | 2.53 |
2010 | 2.15 |
2011 | 2.19 |
2012 | 2.37 |
2013 | 2.67 |
2014 | 2.91 |
2015 | 3.12 |
2016 | 4.78 |
2017 | 3.78 |
2018 | 4.13 |
2019 | 4.31 |
School enrollment, secondary (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, secondary (% gross) in Rwanda was 44.32 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 48 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 44.32 in 2019 and a minimum value of 2.52 in 1971.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1971 | 2.52 |
1976 | 3.21 |
1977 | 3.48 |
1978 | 3.75 |
1979 | 3.95 |
1980 | 9.47 |
1981 | 12.53 |
1982 | 13.28 |
1983 | 14.57 |
1984 | 15.00 |
1985 | 16.15 |
1986 | 16.08 |
1987 | 16.00 |
1988 | 15.76 |
1989 | 16.41 |
1990 | 15.99 |
1991 | 16.01 |
1992 | 15.51 |
1999 | 9.95 |
2000 | 11.41 |
2001 | 11.70 |
2002 | 12.53 |
2003 | 13.97 |
2004 | 15.71 |
2005 | 16.73 |
2006 | 18.38 |
2007 | 20.44 |
2008 | 21.97 |
2009 | 26.15 |
2010 | 31.62 |
2011 | 35.59 |
2012 | 38.31 |
2013 | 40.72 |
2014 | 40.09 |
2015 | 37.85 |
2016 | 37.27 |
2017 | 38.88 |
2018 | 40.90 |
2019 | 44.32 |
School enrollment, secondary, female (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, secondary, female (% gross) in Rwanda was 47.05 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 48 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 47.05 in 2019 and a minimum value of 2.47 in 1971.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1971 | 2.47 |
1976 | 3.32 |
1977 | 3.62 |
1978 | 3.81 |
1979 | 3.94 |
1980 | 8.43 |
1981 | 11.05 |
1982 | 11.83 |
1983 | 12.74 |
1984 | 13.03 |
1985 | 14.14 |
1986 | 14.17 |
1987 | 14.16 |
1988 | 14.02 |
1989 | 14.75 |
1990 | 14.41 |
1991 | 14.47 |
1992 | 13.92 |
1999 | 9.79 |
2000 | 10.80 |
2001 | 11.35 |
2002 | 12.25 |
2003 | 13.07 |
2004 | 14.87 |
2005 | 15.74 |
2006 | 17.47 |
2007 | 19.28 |
2008 | 20.75 |
2009 | 25.31 |
2010 | 31.62 |
2011 | 36.28 |
2012 | 39.68 |
2013 | 42.20 |
2014 | 41.91 |
2015 | 39.39 |
2016 | 39.01 |
2017 | 41.11 |
2018 | 43.28 |
2019 | 47.05 |
School enrollment, secondary, male (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, secondary, male (% gross) in Rwanda was 41.56 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 48 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 41.56 in 2019 and a minimum value of 2.56 in 1971.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1971 | 2.56 |
1976 | 3.09 |
1977 | 3.34 |
1978 | 3.69 |
1979 | 3.96 |
1980 | 10.53 |
1981 | 14.04 |
1982 | 14.77 |
1983 | 16.42 |
1984 | 17.01 |
1985 | 18.20 |
1986 | 18.02 |
1987 | 17.88 |
1988 | 17.54 |
1989 | 18.10 |
1990 | 17.61 |
1991 | 17.58 |
1992 | 17.12 |
1999 | 10.13 |
2000 | 12.08 |
2001 | 12.09 |
2002 | 12.83 |
2003 | 14.89 |
2004 | 16.57 |
2005 | 17.71 |
2006 | 19.30 |
2007 | 21.63 |
2008 | 23.23 |
2009 | 27.01 |
2010 | 31.62 |
2011 | 34.88 |
2012 | 36.91 |
2013 | 39.21 |
2014 | 38.26 |
2015 | 36.30 |
2016 | 35.52 |
2017 | 36.63 |
2018 | 38.49 |
2019 | 41.56 |
School enrollment, secondary (% net)
Definition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
2015 | 28.10 |
2016 | 28.14 |
2018 | 35.87 |
School enrollment, secondary, female (% net)
Definition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
2015 | 30.20 |
2016 | 30.41 |
2018 | 38.79 |
School enrollment, secondary, male (% net)
Definition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
2015 | 26.00 |
2016 | 25.85 |
2018 | 32.93 |
School enrollment, secondary, private (% of total secondary)
School enrollment, secondary, private (% of total secondary) in Rwanda was 11.33 as of 2019. Its highest value over the past 20 years was 46.51 in 2003, while its lowest value was 11.33 in 2019.
Definition: Private enrollment refers to pupils or students enrolled in institutions that are not operated by a public authority but controlled and managed, whether for profit or not, by a private body such as a nongovernmental organization, religious body, special interest group, foundation or business enterprise.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1999 | 42.49 |
2000 | 43.72 |
2001 | 43.54 |
2002 | 43.59 |
2003 | 46.51 |
2007 | 41.07 |
2008 | 37.14 |
2009 | 31.91 |
2010 | 24.25 |
2011 | 20.60 |
2012 | 18.98 |
2013 | 17.99 |
2014 | 12.83 |
2015 | 16.46 |
2016 | 15.52 |
2017 | 13.63 |
2018 | 12.45 |
2019 | 11.33 |
School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) in Rwanda was 6.24 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 48 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 7.67 in 2016 and a minimum value of 0.16 in 1971.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1971 | 0.16 |
1973 | 0.20 |
1974 | 0.19 |
1975 | 0.25 |
1976 | 0.26 |
1977 | 0.25 |
1978 | 0.25 |
1979 | 0.26 |
1980 | 0.27 |
1981 | 0.27 |
1984 | 0.35 |
1985 | 0.38 |
1986 | 0.39 |
1987 | 0.39 |
1988 | 0.42 |
1989 | 0.47 |
1990 | 0.59 |
1999 | 0.85 |
2000 | 1.32 |
2001 | 1.70 |
2002 | 1.99 |
2003 | 2.41 |
2004 | 2.85 |
2005 | 3.02 |
2006 | 3.90 |
2007 | 4.06 |
2008 | 4.38 |
2009 | 5.27 |
2010 | 5.93 |
2011 | 6.98 |
2012 | 6.79 |
2013 | 7.35 |
2014 | 7.39 |
2015 | 7.61 |
2016 | 7.67 |
2017 | 7.37 |
2018 | 6.73 |
2019 | 6.24 |
School enrollment, tertiary, female (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, tertiary, female (% gross) in Rwanda was 5.68 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 48 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 6.97 in 2017 and a minimum value of 0.03 in 1971.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1971 | 0.03 |
1973 | 0.04 |
1974 | 0.06 |
1975 | 0.06 |
1977 | 0.04 |
1978 | 0.04 |
1980 | 0.05 |
1981 | 0.05 |
1984 | 0.09 |
1985 | 0.11 |
1986 | 0.11 |
1987 | 0.12 |
1988 | 0.15 |
1989 | 0.19 |
1990 | 0.22 |
2001 | 1.11 |
2002 | 1.30 |
2003 | 1.69 |
2004 | 2.11 |
2009 | 4.57 |
2010 | 5.19 |
2011 | 5.99 |
2012 | 6.06 |
2013 | 6.52 |
2014 | 6.75 |
2015 | 6.72 |
2016 | 6.71 |
2017 | 6.97 |
2018 | 6.01 |
2019 | 5.68 |
School enrollment, tertiary, male (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, tertiary, male (% gross) in Rwanda was 6.80 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 48 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 8.66 in 2016 and a minimum value of 0.30 in 1971.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
Year | Value |
---|---|
1971 | 0.30 |
1973 | 0.35 |
1974 | 0.32 |
1975 | 0.44 |
1977 | 0.46 |
1978 | 0.46 |
1980 | 0.50 |
1981 | 0.49 |
1984 | 0.61 |
1985 | 0.66 |
1986 | 0.69 |
1987 | 0.66 |
1988 | 0.69 |
1989 | 0.76 |
1990 | 0.97 |
2001 | 2.33 |
2002 | 2.73 |
2003 | 3.21 |
2004 | 3.67 |
2009 | 5.97 |
2010 | 6.68 |
2011 | 7.97 |
2012 | 7.52 |
2013 | 8.20 |
2014 | 8.04 |
2015 | 8.53 |
2016 | 8.66 |
2017 | 7.79 |
2018 | 7.45 |
2019 | 6.80 |
Classification
Topic: Education Indicators
Sub-Topic: Participation