South Africa - School enrollment
School enrollment, preprimary (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, preprimary (% gross) in South Africa was 17.84 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 25 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 31.00 in 1996 and a minimum value of 5.21 in 1999.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Preprimary education refers to programs at the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment and to provide a bridge between home and school.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1994 | 26.55 |
| 1996 | 31.00 |
| 1998 | 23.97 |
| 1999 | 5.21 |
| 2010 | 18.50 |
| 2011 | 18.67 |
| 2012 | 18.82 |
| 2013 | 18.34 |
| 2014 | 18.84 |
| 2015 | 18.70 |
| 2016 | 18.19 |
| 2017 | 18.45 |
| 2018 | 17.63 |
| 2019 | 17.84 |
School enrollment, preprimary, female (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, preprimary, female (% gross) in South Africa was 17.93 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 25 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 31.58 in 1996 and a minimum value of 5.25 in 1999.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Preprimary education refers to programs at the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment and to provide a bridge between home and school.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1994 | 26.67 |
| 1996 | 31.58 |
| 1998 | 23.93 |
| 1999 | 5.25 |
| 2010 | 18.61 |
| 2011 | 18.80 |
| 2012 | 18.92 |
| 2013 | 18.50 |
| 2014 | 18.98 |
| 2015 | 18.74 |
| 2016 | 18.21 |
| 2017 | 18.50 |
| 2018 | 17.71 |
| 2019 | 17.93 |
School enrollment, preprimary, male (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, preprimary, male (% gross) in South Africa was 17.76 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 25 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 30.44 in 1996 and a minimum value of 5.17 in 1999.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Preprimary education refers to programs at the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment and to provide a bridge between home and school.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1994 | 26.43 |
| 1996 | 30.44 |
| 1998 | 24.00 |
| 1999 | 5.17 |
| 2010 | 18.40 |
| 2011 | 18.54 |
| 2012 | 18.72 |
| 2013 | 18.17 |
| 2014 | 18.71 |
| 2015 | 18.65 |
| 2016 | 18.17 |
| 2017 | 18.40 |
| 2018 | 17.56 |
| 2019 | 17.76 |
School enrollment, primary (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, primary (% gross) in South Africa was 98.37 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 49 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 110.89 in 1995 and a minimum value of 80.17 in 1986.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | 99.99 |
| 1975 | 102.70 |
| 1977 | 91.19 |
| 1978 | 85.06 |
| 1979 | 85.36 |
| 1981 | 84.93 |
| 1982 | 81.76 |
| 1986 | 80.17 |
| 1987 | 81.26 |
| 1988 | 81.20 |
| 1989 | 105.26 |
| 1990 | 104.81 |
| 1991 | 105.60 |
| 1994 | 109.41 |
| 1995 | 110.89 |
| 1997 | 108.84 |
| 1998 | 107.46 |
| 1999 | 107.10 |
| 2000 | 101.49 |
| 2001 | 101.99 |
| 2002 | 103.97 |
| 2003 | 105.43 |
| 2004 | 106.45 |
| 2005 | 105.95 |
| 2006 | 106.25 |
| 2007 | 108.02 |
| 2008 | 107.53 |
| 2009 | 106.34 |
| 2010 | 104.73 |
| 2011 | 103.42 |
| 2012 | 103.23 |
| 2013 | 102.67 |
| 2014 | 102.71 |
| 2015 | 105.57 |
| 2016 | 103.19 |
| 2017 | 100.86 |
| 2018 | 98.54 |
| 2019 | 98.37 |
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, primary, female (% gross) in South Africa was 96.62 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 49 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 110.41 in 1995 and a minimum value of 79.85 in 1986.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | 99.44 |
| 1986 | 79.85 |
| 1987 | 80.91 |
| 1988 | 80.84 |
| 1989 | 105.43 |
| 1990 | 104.93 |
| 1991 | 105.65 |
| 1994 | 108.17 |
| 1995 | 110.41 |
| 1997 | 107.87 |
| 1998 | 106.51 |
| 1999 | 105.96 |
| 2000 | 99.35 |
| 2001 | 100.50 |
| 2002 | 102.56 |
| 2003 | 103.83 |
| 2004 | 104.60 |
| 2005 | 104.11 |
| 2006 | 104.34 |
| 2007 | 106.35 |
| 2008 | 105.84 |
| 2009 | 104.47 |
| 2010 | 102.67 |
| 2011 | 101.27 |
| 2012 | 101.01 |
| 2013 | 100.44 |
| 2014 | 100.66 |
| 2015 | 101.90 |
| 2016 | 101.49 |
| 2017 | 99.14 |
| 2018 | 96.59 |
| 2019 | 96.62 |
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, primary, male (% gross) in South Africa was 100.10 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 49 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 111.36 in 1995 and a minimum value of 80.48 in 1986.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | 100.54 |
| 1986 | 80.48 |
| 1987 | 81.61 |
| 1988 | 81.55 |
| 1989 | 105.09 |
| 1990 | 104.68 |
| 1991 | 105.56 |
| 1994 | 110.63 |
| 1995 | 111.36 |
| 1997 | 109.80 |
| 1998 | 108.40 |
| 1999 | 108.22 |
| 2000 | 103.60 |
| 2001 | 103.46 |
| 2002 | 105.35 |
| 2003 | 106.99 |
| 2004 | 108.26 |
| 2005 | 107.75 |
| 2006 | 108.13 |
| 2007 | 109.68 |
| 2008 | 109.19 |
| 2009 | 108.19 |
| 2010 | 106.76 |
| 2011 | 105.54 |
| 2012 | 105.41 |
| 2013 | 104.86 |
| 2014 | 104.72 |
| 2015 | 109.17 |
| 2016 | 104.84 |
| 2017 | 102.56 |
| 2018 | 100.45 |
| 2019 | 100.10 |
School enrollment, primary (% net)
The value for School enrollment, primary (% net) in South Africa was 87.01 as of 2017. As the graph below shows, over the past 47 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 89.74 in 1995 and a minimum value of 67.67 in 1970.
Definition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | 67.67 |
| 1991 | 87.11 |
| 1994 | 89.12 |
| 1995 | 89.74 |
| 1998 | 85.73 |
| 1999 | 87.08 |
| 2000 | 85.95 |
| 2001 | 86.85 |
| 2002 | 87.58 |
| 2003 | 89.12 |
| 2004 | 89.06 |
| 2005 | 88.65 |
| 2015 | 84.35 |
| 2017 | 87.01 |
School enrollment, primary, female (% net)
The value for School enrollment, primary, female (% net) in South Africa was 86.70 as of 2017. As the graph below shows, over the past 47 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 90.85 in 1995 and a minimum value of 68.24 in 1970.
Definition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | 68.24 |
| 1991 | 88.97 |
| 1994 | 90.19 |
| 1995 | 90.85 |
| 1998 | 86.68 |
| 1999 | 87.96 |
| 2000 | 86.27 |
| 2001 | 87.55 |
| 2002 | 88.32 |
| 2003 | 89.65 |
| 2004 | 89.27 |
| 2005 | 88.85 |
| 2017 | 86.70 |
School enrollment, primary, male (% net)
The value for School enrollment, primary, male (% net) in South Africa was 87.32 as of 2017. As the graph below shows, over the past 47 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 88.86 in 2004 and a minimum value of 67.10 in 1970.
Definition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | 67.10 |
| 1991 | 85.29 |
| 1994 | 88.06 |
| 1995 | 88.65 |
| 1998 | 84.79 |
| 1999 | 86.22 |
| 2000 | 85.62 |
| 2001 | 86.17 |
| 2002 | 86.85 |
| 2003 | 88.60 |
| 2004 | 88.86 |
| 2005 | 88.44 |
| 2017 | 87.32 |
School enrollment, primary, private (% of total primary)
School enrollment, primary, private (% of total primary) in South Africa was 5.00 as of 2019. Its highest value over the past 33 years was 5.00 in 2019, while its lowest value was 0.63 in 1986.
Definition: Private enrollment refers to pupils or students enrolled in institutions that are not operated by a public authority but controlled and managed, whether for profit or not, by a private body such as a nongovernmental organization, religious body, special interest group, foundation or business enterprise.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1986 | 0.63 |
| 1987 | 0.97 |
| 1988 | 0.95 |
| 1989 | 0.81 |
| 1990 | 0.81 |
| 1991 | 0.79 |
| 1994 | 1.07 |
| 1995 | 1.04 |
| 1999 | 1.70 |
| 2000 | 1.70 |
| 2001 | 2.00 |
| 2002 | 1.93 |
| 2003 | 2.04 |
| 2004 | 2.04 |
| 2005 | 2.16 |
| 2006 | 2.46 |
| 2007 | 2.47 |
| 2008 | 2.68 |
| 2009 | 2.88 |
| 2010 | 3.30 |
| 2011 | 3.51 |
| 2012 | 3.71 |
| 2013 | 3.83 |
| 2014 | 4.06 |
| 2016 | 4.49 |
| 2017 | 3.15 |
| 2018 | 4.75 |
| 2019 | 5.00 |
School enrollment, secondary (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, secondary (% gross) in South Africa was 102.56 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 30 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 109.44 in 2015 and a minimum value of 65.52 in 1989.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1989 | 65.52 |
| 1990 | 68.88 |
| 1991 | 72.31 |
| 1994 | 80.83 |
| 1998 | 86.80 |
| 1999 | 84.59 |
| 2000 | 81.03 |
| 2001 | 81.66 |
| 2002 | 82.48 |
| 2003 | 83.49 |
| 2004 | 85.97 |
| 2005 | 87.40 |
| 2006 | 90.65 |
| 2007 | 92.34 |
| 2008 | 90.90 |
| 2009 | 92.51 |
| 2010 | 93.74 |
| 2011 | 96.18 |
| 2012 | 98.83 |
| 2014 | 107.80 |
| 2015 | 109.44 |
| 2016 | 107.18 |
| 2017 | 104.70 |
| 2018 | 100.51 |
| 2019 | 102.56 |
School enrollment, secondary, female (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, secondary, female (% gross) in South Africa was 105.67 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 30 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 112.82 in 2014 and a minimum value of 70.11 in 1989.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1989 | 70.11 |
| 1990 | 74.43 |
| 1991 | 78.60 |
| 1994 | 87.08 |
| 1998 | 92.71 |
| 1999 | 90.06 |
| 2000 | 85.50 |
| 2001 | 85.83 |
| 2002 | 85.90 |
| 2003 | 86.63 |
| 2004 | 89.32 |
| 2005 | 90.53 |
| 2006 | 93.68 |
| 2007 | 94.94 |
| 2008 | 93.11 |
| 2009 | 95.12 |
| 2010 | 96.56 |
| 2011 | 98.88 |
| 2012 | 101.68 |
| 2014 | 112.82 |
| 2015 | 108.75 |
| 2016 | 112.09 |
| 2017 | 109.03 |
| 2018 | 103.97 |
| 2019 | 105.67 |
School enrollment, secondary, male (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, secondary, male (% gross) in South Africa was 99.49 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 30 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 110.13 in 2015 and a minimum value of 60.97 in 1989.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1989 | 60.97 |
| 1990 | 63.39 |
| 1991 | 66.10 |
| 1994 | 74.66 |
| 1998 | 80.97 |
| 1999 | 79.19 |
| 2000 | 76.63 |
| 2001 | 77.55 |
| 2002 | 79.12 |
| 2003 | 80.40 |
| 2004 | 82.67 |
| 2005 | 84.32 |
| 2006 | 87.67 |
| 2007 | 89.78 |
| 2008 | 88.72 |
| 2009 | 89.94 |
| 2010 | 90.95 |
| 2011 | 93.52 |
| 2012 | 96.02 |
| 2014 | 102.86 |
| 2015 | 110.13 |
| 2016 | 102.34 |
| 2017 | 100.42 |
| 2018 | 97.10 |
| 2019 | 99.49 |
School enrollment, secondary (% net)
The value for School enrollment, secondary (% net) in South Africa was 71.93 as of 2017. As the graph below shows, over the past 23 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 90.54 in 2015 and a minimum value of 51.19 in 1994.
Definition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1994 | 51.19 |
| 1999 | 59.63 |
| 2000 | 58.85 |
| 2001 | 59.69 |
| 2002 | 61.82 |
| 2003 | 63.53 |
| 2004 | 65.08 |
| 2005 | 66.16 |
| 2015 | 90.54 |
| 2017 | 71.93 |
School enrollment, secondary, female (% net)
The value for School enrollment, secondary, female (% net) in South Africa was 78.52 as of 2017. As the graph below shows, over the past 23 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 89.87 in 2015 and a minimum value of 56.20 in 1994.
Definition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1994 | 56.20 |
| 1999 | 63.54 |
| 2000 | 62.42 |
| 2001 | 63.09 |
| 2002 | 64.78 |
| 2003 | 66.62 |
| 2004 | 68.19 |
| 2005 | 69.11 |
| 2015 | 89.87 |
| 2017 | 78.52 |
School enrollment, secondary, male (% net)
The value for School enrollment, secondary, male (% net) in South Africa was 65.42 as of 2017. As the graph below shows, over the past 23 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 91.20 in 2015 and a minimum value of 46.23 in 1994.
Definition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1994 | 46.23 |
| 1999 | 55.77 |
| 2000 | 55.34 |
| 2001 | 56.34 |
| 2002 | 58.90 |
| 2003 | 60.50 |
| 2004 | 62.02 |
| 2005 | 63.26 |
| 2015 | 91.20 |
| 2017 | 65.42 |
School enrollment, secondary, private (% of total secondary)
School enrollment, secondary, private (% of total secondary) in South Africa was 4.64 as of 2019. Its highest value over the past 20 years was 5.04 in 2018, while its lowest value was 2.30 in 2000.
Definition: Private enrollment refers to pupils or students enrolled in institutions that are not operated by a public authority but controlled and managed, whether for profit or not, by a private body such as a nongovernmental organization, religious body, special interest group, foundation or business enterprise.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1999 | 2.33 |
| 2000 | 2.30 |
| 2001 | 2.38 |
| 2002 | 2.54 |
| 2003 | 2.57 |
| 2004 | 2.60 |
| 2005 | 2.84 |
| 2006 | 3.02 |
| 2007 | 2.94 |
| 2008 | 3.00 |
| 2009 | 3.24 |
| 2010 | 3.68 |
| 2011 | 3.90 |
| 2012 | 4.11 |
| 2014 | 4.19 |
| 2016 | 4.65 |
| 2017 | 4.22 |
| 2018 | 5.04 |
| 2019 | 4.64 |
School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) in South Africa was 23.87 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 49 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 23.87 in 2019 and a minimum value of 4.26 in 1970.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1970 | 4.26 |
| 1973 | 4.40 |
| 1988 | 11.52 |
| 1989 | 12.47 |
| 1990 | 12.62 |
| 1991 | 12.99 |
| 1992 | 13.21 |
| 1993 | 14.48 |
| 1994 | 15.78 |
| 2010 | 18.36 |
| 2011 | 19.61 |
| 2012 | 19.14 |
| 2013 | 19.93 |
| 2014 | 19.81 |
| 2015 | 22.26 |
| 2016 | 20.92 |
| 2017 | 22.37 |
| 2018 | 23.80 |
| 2019 | 23.87 |
School enrollment, tertiary, female (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, tertiary, female (% gross) in South Africa was 28.60 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 31 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 28.60 in 2019 and a minimum value of 10.53 in 1988.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1988 | 10.53 |
| 1989 | 11.45 |
| 1990 | 11.19 |
| 1991 | 11.84 |
| 1992 | 12.25 |
| 1993 | 13.37 |
| 1994 | 15.15 |
| 2012 | 22.41 |
| 2013 | 23.38 |
| 2014 | 23.23 |
| 2016 | 24.47 |
| 2017 | 26.37 |
| 2018 | 28.31 |
| 2019 | 28.60 |
School enrollment, tertiary, male (% gross)
The value for School enrollment, tertiary, male (% gross) in South Africa was 19.20 as of 2019. As the graph below shows, over the past 31 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 19.35 in 2018 and a minimum value of 12.51 in 1988.
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)
See also:
| Year | Value |
|---|---|
| 1988 | 12.51 |
| 1989 | 13.49 |
| 1990 | 14.05 |
| 1991 | 14.15 |
| 1992 | 14.17 |
| 1993 | 15.60 |
| 1994 | 16.41 |
| 2012 | 15.94 |
| 2013 | 16.54 |
| 2014 | 16.45 |
| 2016 | 17.42 |
| 2017 | 18.42 |
| 2018 | 19.35 |
| 2019 | 19.20 |
Classification
Topic: Education Indicators
Sub-Topic: Participation
